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Table 1 Characteristics of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug resistant (n = 52) and non-MDR (n = 140) pathogens*

From: Determinants and impact of multidrug antibiotic resistance in pathogens causing ventilator-associated-pneumonia

Characteristics

MDR (n = 52)

Non-MDR (n = 140)

p value

Demographics

   

Age, years

63 ± 13

58 ± 17

0.07

Male gender

41 (79%)

97 (69%)

0.37

Characteristics before VAP

   

Charlson index

2 (1 to 3)

1 (0 to 3)

< 0.001

APACHE II upon ICU admission

22 ± 9

20 ± 9

0.37

Coma on ICU admission

6 (12%)

54 (39%)

< 0.001

Shock on ICU admission

20 (38%)

56(40%)

0.87

ARDS before VAP

25 (48%)

29 (21%)

0.001

RRT before VAP

14 (27%)

18 (13%)

0.03

Duration of ventilation before VAP, days

9 (5 to 19)

7 (4 to 13)

0.008

Duration hospitalisation before VAP, days

0 (0 to 6)

0 (0 to 1)

0.001

Antibiotic exposure before VAP

   

   No antibiotics

6 (11%)

32 (23%)

0.11

   1 antibiotic class

15 (29%)

73 (52%)

0.005

   2 antibiotic classes

13 (25%)

24 (17%)

0.22

   > 2 antibiotic classes

18 (35%)

11 (8%)

< 0.001

SOFA 2 days before VAP

5 (3 to 8)

5 (3 to 8)

0.83

Characteristics of VAP

   

SOFA at VAP

7 (3 to 10)

6 (4 to 9)

0.27

Delta SOFAâ–¡

0.6 ± 3.3

0.6 ± 3.5

0.88

VAP with shock

15 (29%)

26 (19%)

0.16

Gram-negative aetiology

40 (77%)

122 (87%)

0.39

   Enterobacteriaceae

28 (54%)

66 (46%)

0.07

   Pseudomonas aeruginosa

11 (21%)

40 (29%)

0.98

   Non-fermenter other than P. aeruginosa

1 (2%)

4 (3%)

0.32

   Other Gram-negative†

0

12 (9%)

0.001

Gram-positive aetiology

12 (23%)

18 (13%)

0.39

   Staphylococcus aureus

12 (23%)

13 (9%)

0.14

   Streptococcus pneumoniae

0

5 (3%)

0.01

Appropriate therapy < 24 hours

41 (79%)

122 (87%)

0.16

Appropriate therapy < 48 hours

45 (87%)

133 (95%)

0.05

Subsequent VAP

10 (19%)

24 (17%)

0.83

Outcome parameters:

   

ICU-length of stay following VAP, days

18 (8 to 37)

15 (8 to 29)

0.34

Died 30 days after VAP diagnosis

19 (37%)

28 (20%)

0.02

Died at ICU

22 (42%)

29 (21%)

0.006

Died in hospital

28 (54%)

41 (29%)

0.001

Discharged to other hospital and lost to follow up

2

3

 

Referred to chronic health care facility

0

4

 

Still hospitalised at time of analysis

4

3

 
  1. *Data are presented as mean ± SD, median (25th to 75th percentile) or number (%).
  2. â–¡Delta SOFA: SOFA two days after VAP minus SOFA two days before VAP.
  3. † Other Gram-negative: Haemophilus influenzae in 11, Moraxella catarrhalis in 1.
  4. ◇β-lactam antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins), carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides and linezolid, other antibiotics (cotrimoxazole, colistin).
  5. APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; MDR, Multidrug-resistant; RRT, Renal Replacement Therapy; SOFA = sequential organ failure assessment; VAP, Ventilator-associated Pneumonia.
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Critical Care

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