Figure 1
From: Hyperosmotic stress enhances cytokine production and decreases phagocytosis in vitro
Interleukin (IL)-6 (a, b) and IL-1β (c, d) cytokine release after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Samples were incubated with no supplement addition, increasing concentrations of glucose (250, 500, and 1,000 mg/dL) (a, c), and increasing concentrations of insulin (10 and 100 IU) (b, d). Stimulation occurred after a 3-hour preincubation with 0.5 ng/mL LPS. Cytokine release was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after another 24-hour incubation period (n = 11; mean ± standard error of the mean; *P < 0.05 versus no supplement addition).