Optimize the medication process |
   1. Medication standardization |
   2. Computerized physician order entry and clinical decision support |
   3. Bar code technology |
   4. Computerized intravenous infusion devices |
   5. Medication reconciliation |
Eliminate situational risk factors |
   1. Avoid excessive consecutive and cumulative working hours |
   2. Minimize interruptions and distractions |
   3. Trainee supervision and graduated responsibility |
Oversight and error interception |
   1. Intensivist participation in ICU care |
   2. Adequate staffing |
   3. Pharmacist participation in ICU care |
   4. Incorporation of quality assurance into academic education |