Optimize the medication process |
1. Medication standardization |
2. Computerized physician order entry and clinical decision support |
3. Bar code technology |
4. Computerized intravenous infusion devices |
5. Medication reconciliation |
Eliminate situational risk factors |
1. Avoid excessive consecutive and cumulative working hours |
2. Minimize interruptions and distractions |
3. Trainee supervision and graduated responsibility |
Oversight and error interception |
1. Intensivist participation in ICU care |
2. Adequate staffing |
3. Pharmacist participation in ICU care |
4. Incorporation of quality assurance into academic education |