Vascular lesion | Surgical | Intervention-related, accidental vascular lesion, suture insufficiency |
Congenital | Hereditary connective tissue diseases such as Ehler-Danlos syndrome, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectases, cavernous giant hemangioma | |
Acquired | Henoch-Schoenlein purpura, amyloidosis, gammopathies | |
Impairment of primary hemostasis (thrombocytic) | Congenital thrombocytopathy | Storage pool diseases (release disorders), Glanzmann thrombasthenia, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome |
Congenital thrombocytopenia | Fanconi anemia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Thrombocytopenia-Absent-Radius syndrome | |
Acquired thrombocytopathy | Treatment with platelet function inhibitors or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hypothermia, uremia, liver cirrhosis, extracorporal circulation, monoclonal gammopathies, malign thrombocytosis, volume replacement solutions, Dextran, high-molecular-weight HES solutions | |
Acquired thrombocytopenia | Coagulopathy due to consumption or blood loss, extracorporal circulation, immunological, sepsis, drug-induced (for example, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II, but bleeding is rare) | |
Impairment of secondary hemostasis (plasmatic) | Congenital deficiency or reduced activity | Hemophilia A or B, rare deficiencies of other factors (fibrinogen, factors II, V, VII, X, and XI), factor XIII deficiency |
Acquired deficiency | Deficiency of vitamin-K-dependent factors during oral anticoagulation or liver disease, acquired hemophilia with inhibitors, coagulopathy due to consumption or blood loss | |
Acquired reduction of activity | Hypothermia, acidosis, drug-induced: administration of unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin, of factor Xa inhibitors, of thrombin inhibitors, or of asparaginase. Diseases with impairment of fibrin polymerization (for example, acquired factor XIII deficiency) or volume replacement solutions (HES, gelatine) | |
Combined impairments of hemostasis (thrombocytic-plasmatic) | Congenital deficiency or reduced activity | von Willebrand disease |
Acquired deficiency | Organ-associated (for example, liver disease), acquired von Willebrand syndrome (for example, myelodysplastic syndrome), drug-induced (valproic acid), carriers of mechanic heart valves (aortic valve), aortic stenosis (high degree), high-molecular-weight HES solution | |
Impairment of fibrinolysis (hyperfibrinolysis) | Acquired | Hypothermia, acidosis, release of activators of fibrinolysis (for example, operations or damage of malignant tumors, uterus, prostate) |