Chloride loss < sodium loss |
---|
Chloride responsive (urine Cl- concentration <10 mmol/l) |
Gastrointestinal losses: vomiting, gastric drainage, chloride |
wasting diarrhea (villous adenoma) |
Postdiuretic use |
Posthypercapnea |
Chloride unresponsive (urine Cl- concentration >20 mmol/l) |
Mineralocorticoid excess: primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's |
syndrome), secondary hyperaldosteronism, Cushing's |
syndrome, Liddle's syndrome, Bartter's syndrome, |
exogenous corticoids, excessive licorice intake |
Ongoing diuretic use |
Exogenous sodium load (>chloride) |
Sodium salt administration (acetate, citrate): massive blood |
transfusions, parenteral nutrition, plasma volume expanders, |
sodium lactate (Ringer's solution) |
Other |
Severe deficiency of intracellular cations: Mg2+, K+ |