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Table 3 Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia: crude and adjusted effect of staffing level

From: Staffing level: a determinant of late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia

Risk factor

Early-onset VAP

Late-onset VAP

 

Crude HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

Crude HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

Nurse-to-patient ratio

0.77 (0.42 to 1.40)

0.78 (0.42 to 1.45)

0.43 (0.18 to 1.02)

0.42 (0.18 to 0.99)

Patient age

1.00 (0.99 to 1.01)

-

1.00 (0.99 to 1.01)

-

Male gender

0.92 (0.62 to 1.38)

-

1.15 (0.79 to 1.69)

-

Nursing acuity severity score

0.96 (0.92 to 1.01)

-

1.03 (1.00 to 1.07)

1.04 (1.00 to 1.08)

Charlson score

0.89 (0.81 to 0.99)

0.89 (0.80 to 0.98)

0.96 (0.87 to 1.05)

 

Admission diagnosis

    

   Infectious disease

0.75 (0.46 to 1.20)

-

1.09 (0.75 to 1.60)

-

   Cardiovascular condition

1.63 (1.10 to 2.41)

-

1.47 (0.97 to 2.23)

-

   Pulmonary disease

0.77 (0.44 to 1.33)

-

0.56 (0.31 to 1.02)

0.53 (0.29 to 0.97)

   Other

0.87 (0.53 to 1.41)

-

0.84 (0.49 to 1.43)

-

APACHE II score

    

   < 26

1

-

1

-

   26 to 30

1.12 (0.67 to 1.86)

-

0.92 (0.49 to 1.72)

-

   > 30

0.83 (0.53 to 1.31)

-

1.08 (0.70 to 1.67)

-

Nursing training levela

0.84 (0.60 to 1.18)

-

1.19 (0.91 to 1.56)

-

Invasive devices

    

   Central vascular line

1.50 (0.92 to 2.45)

1.71 (1.05 to 2.81)

3.06 (0.97 to 9.70)

4.14 (1.26 to 13.55)

   Peripheral venous line

2.06 (0.76 to 5.61)

-

1.47 (0.95 to 2.29)

1.65 (1.06 to 2.59)

   Peripheral arterial line

0.58 (0.32 to 1.06)

-

5.65 (0.78 to 40.84)

-

   Urinary catheter

1.86 (0.66 to 5.26)

-

1.31 (0.41 to 4.16)

-

   Nasogastric tube

1.40 (0.75 to 2.63)

-

2.39 (0.76 to 7.54)

-

Medication

    

   Parenteral nutrition

0.83 (0.49 to 1.41)

-

0.99 (0.65 to 1.51)

-

   Therapeutic antibiotic

0.48 (0.32 to 0.73)

0.47 (0.31 to 0.71)

0.51 (0.29 to 0.91)

0.34 (0.19 to 0.62)

   Prophylactic antibiotic

0.58 (0.18 to 1.84)

-

1.22 (0.56 to 2.63)

-

   Gastric antacid drug

1.34 (0.90 to 2.00)

-

0.98 (0.66 to 1.46)

-

  1. aNursing training level is the number of intensive care unit certified nurses divided by the number of trainee nurses in critical care. APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; CI, confidence intervals; HR, hazard ratio; VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia.
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Critical Care

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