Table 4 Subjective studies of sleep in critical care patients
From: Clinical review: Sleep measurement in critical care patients: research and clinical implications
Author(s) (year) | Number of patients | Critical care population | Duration | Sedation | Number ventilated | Intervention monitored | Method/Practical difficulties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Woods (1972) [38] | 4 | Surgical | 8 nights | Not stated | Not stated | No | Nurse observation (10-minute intervals)/Not stated |
Helton et al. (1980) [39] | 62 | Medical/Surgical | Continuous × 5 days | Not stated | Not stated | No | Nurse observation (15-minute intervals) – interruptions recorded/Not stated |
Williamson (1992) [40] | 60 | Surgical | 3 nights | Not stated | Not stated | Yes – ocean sounds (white noise) | RCSQ/Not stated |
Treggiari-Venzi et al. (1996) [41] | 40 (32 reported) | Trauma/Surgical | 3 nights | Midazolam or propofol only | None | Yes – midazolam versus propofol on sleep quality | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale/Not stated |
Freedman et al. (1999) [3] | 203 | Medical/Surgical | 1 night | Not stated | 32/203 | No – assessed environmental aetiologies of sleep disturbances | Sleep in the Intensive Care Unit Questionnaire/Not stated |
Olson et al. (2001) [42] | 239 (Glasgow Coma Scale ≥ 10) | Medical/Surgical | Daily during monitoring periods (2 × 2 months) | Not stated | Not stated | Yes – effect of environmental controls | Nurse observation × 8 at predefined times/Not stated |
Nelson et al. (2001) [43] | 100 | Medical | Multiple days | Three quarters received sedatives | 74/100 | No – assessed frequency of difficulty sleeping and related degree of stress | Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale/Used verbal descriptions due to difficulties with visual analogue scale. Only 50% of patients were able to complete questionnaire. |
Frisk and Nordstrom (2003) [44] | 31 | Medical/Surgical/Trauma | 1–2 nights | 12/31 received hypnotics | Not stated | No – but RCSQ scores lower in patients receiving hypnotics | RCSQ/Half of eligible patients were unable to complete questionnaire |
Richardson (2003) [45] | 36 | Medical/Surgical | 3 nights | Not stated | Not stated | Yes – combined relaxation and guided imagery | Verran/Snyder-Halpern Sleep Scale/Some patients required assistance with the visual analogue scale |
Ibrahim et al. (2006) [46] | 32 (27 reported) | Not stated | Minimum 2 nights | 14 received extra sedation or haloperidol | All | Yes – exogenous melatonin | Nurse observation (frequency not stated)/Not stated |