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Table 1 Univariate analysis of potential risk factors for ARDS

From: Red blood cell transfusions and the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome among the critically ill: a cohort study

Variable

No ARDS (n = 4,484)

ARDS (n = 246)

P value

Unadjusted odds ratio

Age in years, mean (SD)

60.3

(18.3)

56.3

(17.3)

0.0008

0.988

Men, number (percentage)

2,468

(55.1)

135

(54.9)

0.9543

0.993

Admitting diagnosisa, number (percentage)

      

   Trauma

578

(12.9)

41

(16.7)

0.0873

1.352

   Neurological

760

(17.0)

25

(10.2)

0.0053

0.554

   Pneumonia

630

(14.1)

58

(23.6)

< 0.0001

1.887

   Sepsis/Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

507

(11.3)

40

(16.3)

0.0180

1.523

   Post-operative

892

(19.9)

61

(24.8)

0.0619

1.328

   Other

1,741

(38.8)

64

(26.0)

< 0.0001

0.554

ICU type, number (percentage)

      

   Medical ICU

1,591

(35.5)

74

(30.1)

0.0842

0.782

   Surgical ICU

961

(21.4)

81

(32.9)

< 0.0001

1.800

   Combined

1,932

(43.1)

91

(37.0)

0.0599

0.776

Nutrition at baseline or ICU day 3–4a, number (percentage)

      

   Enteral nutrition

1,424

(31.8)

116

(47.2)

< 0.0001

1.917

   Total parental nutrition

474

(10.6)

67

(27.2)

< 0.0001

3.167

   No nutrition or none recorded

2,617

(58.4)

67

(27.4)

< 0.0001

0.267

Process of care, number (percentage)

      

   Antibiotics at baseline

907

(20.2)

27

(11.0)

0.0004

0.486

   H2 antagonist at baseline

519

(11.6)

7

(2.8)

< 0.0001

0.224

   Continuous sedation

80

(1.8)

10

(4.1)

0.0108

2.335

   Antibiotics and H2 antagonist

1,307

(29.1)

44

(17.9)

0.0001

0.529

   Antibiotics and continuous sedation

319

(7.1)

31

(12.6)

0.0014

1.883

   H2 antagonist and continuous sedation

183

(4.1)

15

(6.1)

0.1242

1.526

   Antibiotics, H2 antagonist, and sedation

675

(15.1)

111

(45.1)

< 0.0001

4.640

   No process of care

494

(11.0)

1

(0.4)

< 0.0001

0.033

Severity of illness, mean (SD)

      

   Baseline APACHE II score

19.4

(8.1)

23.5

(7.8)

< 0.0001

1.061

   SOFA score indicator

6.6

(3.9)

9.0

(3.8)

< 0.0001

1.154

Laboratory data at baseline

      

   Serum creatinine > 2.0 mg/dl, number (percentage)

782

(17.6)

57

(23.2)

0.0250

1.417

   Albumin ≤ 2.3 g/dl, number (percentage)

1,086

(29.8)

115

(54.0)

< 0.0001

2.763

   Hemoglobin in g/dl, mean (SD)

10.8

(2.5)

10.3

(2.4)

0.0008

0.914

Transfusion

      

   Any transfusion, number (percentage)

1,892

(42.2)

164

(66.7)

< 0.0001

2.737

   Units transfused, mean (SD)

1.8

(3.5)

3.8

(5.6)

< 0.0001

1.088

  1. aThese categories are not mutually exclusive. APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU, intensive care unit; SD, standard deviation; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.