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Figure 2 | Critical Care

Figure 2

From: Prediction of fluid responsiveness using respiratory variations in left ventricular stroke area by transoesophageal echocardiographic automated border detection in mechanically ventilated patients

Figure 2

Transoesophageal echocardiographic transgastric, cross-sectional views of the left ventricle at midpapillary muscle level with automated border detection at baseline (top panel) and after volume expansion induced by passive leg raising manoeuvre (bottom panel). Left ventricular area curve was displayed with electrocardiogram and respiratory curve. Stroke area (SA) was defined as the difference between the end-diastolic area (LVEDA) and the end-systolic area. Maximal (SAmax) and minimal (SAmin) values of pulse pressure were determined over the same respiratory cycle. Respiratory variations in left ventricular SA (ΔSA) were then calculated using the following formula: ΔSA = [(SAmax - SAmin)/([SAmax + SAmin]/2)] × 100%. Passive leg raising manoeuvre induced a decrease in ΔSA and an increase in LVEDA. Gain was held constant throughout the protocol.

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Critical Care

ISSN: 1364-8535