Table 1 Patient demographic and clinical characteristics

Demographics

   Age (median [IQR]; years)

74 (64–81)

67* (47–78)

65^† (53–76)

   Male

55.9%

52.6%

63.2%

Insurance

   Medicare

67.8%

49.5%*

50.0%^†

   Medicaid

3.4%

8.4%

6.0%

   Managed care

15.3%

17.9%

17.0%

Comorbidities

   Immunosuppressed

22.0%

8.4%*

12.1%^†

   Cancer

15.3%

9.5%

16.5%

   Diabetes mellitus

39.0%

28.4%

25.8%^†

   Chronic renal failure

17.0%

9.5%

13.7%

   Congestive heart failure

45.8%

22.1%*

19.8%^†

   Median number of comorbidities (IQR)

3 (1–5)

2* (0–4)

2 (1–3)

Acute clinical presentation on admission

   Albumin <2.4 g/dl

3.4%

4.2%

4.4%

   Arterial pH <7.3

5.1%

13.7%

8.2%

   Creatinine >1.5 mg/dl

8.5%

15.8%

6.6%

   WBC <4.3 or >19.8 × 10³/mm³

6.8%

12.6%

6.6%

   Bands >32%

1.7%

2.1%

1.1%

   BUN >55 mg/dl

10.2%

5.3%

4.4%

   BUN 40–55 mg/dl

5.1%

2.1%

2.2%

   Temperature <35.6°C

11.9%

27.4%*

14.8%

   Respiration >39 breaths/min

5.1%

4.2%

0.6%^†

   GCS^c <6

27.1%

16.8%

20.3%

   Pleural effusion

28.8%

20.0%

17.0%^†

   Bacteremia

10.2%

14.7%

7.1%

   ASG^d ≥ 3

72.6%

72.9%

66.5%

Care unit

Trauma unit

2.4%

13.9%*

15.1%^†

Major surgery

11.9%

17.9%

26.9%