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Table 1 Risk factors for oropharyngeal colonization by Gram-negative bacilli

From: Bench-to-bedside review: Therapeutic options and issues in the management of ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia

Life-threatening illness

Pulmonary disease

Prolonged hospitalization/intensive care unit stay

Smoking

Advanced age

Uraemia

Antibiotic exposure

Alcoholism

Intubation

Coma

Major surgery

Multiple organ failure

Malnutrition

Neutropenia

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Critical Care

ISSN: 1364-8535