Table 2 Disease states classified according to the Stewart approach
From: Bench-to-bedside review: Fundamental principles of acid-base physiology
Acid–base disturbance | Disease state | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Metabolic alkalosis | Low serum albumin | Nephrotic syndrome, hepatic cirrhosis |
High SID+ | Chloride loss: vomiting, gastric drainage, diuretics, post-hypercapnea, Cl- wasting diarrhea due to villous adenoma, mineralocorticoid excess, Cushing's syndrome, Liddle's syndrome, Bartter's syndrome, exogenous corticosteroids, licorice Na2+ load (such as acetate, citrate, lactate): Ringer's solution, TPN, blood transfusion | |
Metabolic acidosis | Low SID+ and high SIG | Ketoacids, lactic acid, salicylate, formate, methanol |
Low SID+ and low SIG | RTA, TPN, saline, anion exchange resins, diarrhea, pancreatic losses |