Table 1 Causes of rhabdomyolysis
From: Bench-to-bedside review: Rhabdomyolysis – an overview for clinicians
Physical causes | |
Trauma and compression | Crush injuries |
Motor vehicle accidents | |
Long-term confinement without changing position | |
Physical torture and abuse | |
Prolonged hours of surgery without changing position | |
Vessel occlusion | Embolism |
In situ thrombosis | |
Vessel clamping during surgery | |
Shock states | |
Strainful muscle exercise | Amphetamine overdose |
Excessive muscle activity | Delirium tremens |
Epilepsy | |
Overexertion (e.g. long distance running) | |
Tetanus | |
Electrical current | Cardioversion |
High-voltage electrical injury | |
Lightning | |
Hyperthermia | Exercise |
Malignant hyperthermia | |
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome | |
Sepsis | |
Nonphysical causes | |
Metabolic syndromes | Carnitine deficiency |
Creatinine palmitoyl transferase deficiency | |
McArdle disease (myophosphorylase deficiency) | |
Mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme deficiencies | |
Phosphofruktokinase deficiency | |
Toxins | Heavy metals |
Insect venoms | |
Snake venoms | |
Drugs | See Table 2 |
Infections | Coxsackievirus |
Falciparum malaria | |
Herpes viruses | |
HIV | |
Legionella | |
Salmonella | |
Streptoccocus | |
Tularemia | |
Electrolyte imbalances | Hyperosmotic conditions |
Hypernatremia | |
Hypocalcemia | |
Hyponatremia | |
Hypokalemia | |
Hypophosphatemia | |
Endocrine disorders | Hyperaldosteronism |
Hypothyroidism | |
Ketoacidosis | |
Hyperaldosteronism | |
Autoimmune diseases | Polymyositis |
Dermatomyositis | |