TY - JOUR AU - Gunnerson, K. AU - Kellum, J. A. PY - 2003 DA - 2003// TI - Acid–base and electrolyte analysis in critically ill patients: are we ready for the new millennium? JO - Curr Opin Crit Care VL - 9 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00075198-200312000-00002 DO - 10.1097/00075198-200312000-00002 ID - Gunnerson2003 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Stewart, P. A. PY - 1983 DA - 1983// TI - Modern quantitative acid–base chemistry JO - Can J Physiol Pharm VL - 61 UR - https://doi.org/10.1139/y83-207 DO - 10.1139/y83-207 ID - Stewart1983 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Miller, L. AU - Waters, J. H. PY - 1997 DA - 1997// TI - Mechanism of hyperchloremic nonanion gap acidosis JO - Anesthesiology VL - 87 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199710000-00050 DO - 10.1097/00000542-199710000-00050 ID - Miller1997 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Fencl, V. AU - Jabor, A. AU - Kazda, A. AU - Figge, J. PY - 2000 DA - 2000// TI - Diagnosis of metabolic acid–base disturbances in critically ill patients JO - Am J Respir Crit Care Med VL - 162 UR - https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.6.9904099 DO - 10.1164/ajrccm.162.6.9904099 ID - Fencl2000 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Abramson, D. AU - Scalea, T. M. AU - Hitchcock, R. AU - Trooskin, S. Z. AU - Henry, S. M. AU - Greenspan, J. PY - 1993 DA - 1993// TI - Lactate clearance and survival following injury JO - J Trauma VL - 35 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199310000-00014 DO - 10.1097/00005373-199310000-00014 ID - Abramson1993 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Claridge, J. A. AU - Crabtree, T. D. AU - Pelletier, S. J. AU - Butler, K. AU - Sawyer, R. G. AU - Young, J. S. PY - 2000 DA - 2000// TI - Persistent occult hypoperfusion is associated with a significant increase in infection rate and mortality in major trauma patients JO - J Trauma VL - 48 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-200001000-00003 DO - 10.1097/00005373-200001000-00003 ID - Claridge2000 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Blow, O. AU - Magliore, L. AU - Claridge, J. A. AU - Butler, K. AU - Young, J. S. PY - 1999 DA - 1999// TI - The golden hour and the silver day: detection and correction of occult hypoperfusion within 24 hours improves outcomes from major trauma JO - J Trauma VL - 47 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199911000-00028 DO - 10.1097/00005373-199911000-00028 ID - Blow1999 ER - TY - JOUR AU - James, J. H. AU - Luchette, F. A. AU - McCarter, F. D. AU - Fischer, J. E. PY - 1999 DA - 1999// TI - Lactate is an unreliable indicator of tissue hypoxia in injury or sepsis JO - Lancet VL - 354 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)91132-1 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)91132-1 ID - James1999 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jeng, J. C. AU - Jablonski, K. AU - Bridgeman, A. AU - Jordan, M. H. PY - 2002 DA - 2002// TI - Serum lactate, not base deficit, rapidly predicts survival after major burns JO - Burns VL - 28 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4179(01)00098-5 DO - 10.1016/S0305-4179(01)00098-5 ID - Jeng2002 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mikulaschek, A. AU - Henry, S. M. AU - Donovan, R. AU - Scalea, T. M. PY - 1996 DA - 1996// TI - Serum lactate in not predicted by anion gap or base excess after trauma resuscitation JO - J Trauma VL - 40 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199602000-00008 DO - 10.1097/00005373-199602000-00008 ID - Mikulaschek1996 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mizock, B. M. AU - Falk, J. L. PY - 1992 DA - 1992// TI - Lactic acidosis in critical illness JO - Crit Care Med VL - 20 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199201000-00020 DO - 10.1097/00003246-199201000-00020 ID - Mizock1992 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kaplan, L. AU - McPartland, K. AU - Santora, T. A. AU - Trooskin, S. Z. PY - 2001 DA - 2001// TI - Start with the physical examination to identify hypoperfusion in ICU patients JO - J Trauma VL - 50 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-200104000-00005 DO - 10.1097/00005373-200104000-00005 ID - Kaplan2001 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mizock, B. M. PY - 1997 DA - 1997// TI - Significance of hyperlactatemia without acidosis during hypermetabloic stress JO - Crit Care Med VL - 25 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199711000-00009 DO - 10.1097/00003246-199711000-00009 ID - Mizock1997 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Husain, F. A. AU - Martin, M. J. AU - Mullenix, P. S. AU - Steele, S. R. AU - Elliott, D. C. PY - 2003 DA - 2003// TI - Serum lactate and base deficit as predictor of mortality and morbidity JO - Am J Surg VL - 185 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(03)00044-8 DO - 10.1016/S0002-9610(03)00044-8 ID - Husain2003 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Smith, I. AU - Kumar, P. AU - Molloy, S. AU - Rhodes, A. AU - Newman, P. J. AU - Grounds, R. M. AU - Bennett, E. D. PY - 2001 DA - 2001// TI - Base excess and lactate as prognostic indicators for patients admitted to intensive care JO - Int Care Med VL - 27 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s001340051352 DO - 10.1007/s001340051352 ID - Smith2001 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Brill, S. A. AU - Stewart, T. R. AU - Brundage, S. I. AU - Schreiber, M. A. PY - 2002 DA - 2002// TI - Base deficit does not predict mortality when secondary to hyperchloremic acidosis JO - Shock VL - 17 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00024382-200206000-00003 DO - 10.1097/00024382-200206000-00003 ID - Brill2002 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rutherford, E. AU - Morris, J. A. AU - Reed, G. W. AU - Hall, K. S. PY - 1992 DA - 1992// TI - Base deficit stratifies mortality and determines therapy JO - J Trauma VL - 33 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199209000-00014 DO - 10.1097/00005373-199209000-00014 ID - Rutherford1992 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tremblay, L. AU - Feliciano, D. V. AU - Rozycki, G. PY - 2002 DA - 2002// TI - Assessment of initial base deficit as a predictor of outcome: mechanism of injury does make a difference JO - Am Surg VL - 68 ID - Tremblay2002 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Davis, J. AU - Kaups, K. L. AU - Parks, S. N. PY - 1998 DA - 1998// TI - Base deficit is superior to pH in evaluating clearance of acidosis after traumatic shock JO - J Trauma VL - 44 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199801000-00014 DO - 10.1097/00005373-199801000-00014 ID - Davis1998 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Morgan, T. J. AU - Clark, C. AU - Endre, Z. PY - 2000 DA - 2000// TI - Accuracy of base excess – an in vitro evaluation of the Van Slyke equation JO - Crit Care Med VL - 28 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200008000-00041 DO - 10.1097/00003246-200008000-00041 ID - Morgan2000 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Davis, J. W. AU - Parks, S. N. AU - Kaups, K. L. AU - Gladen, H. E. AU - O'Donnell-Nicol, S. PY - 1996 DA - 1996// TI - Admission base deficit predicts transfusion requirements and risk of complications JO - J Trauma VL - 41 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199611000-00001 DO - 10.1097/00005373-199611000-00001 ID - Davis1996 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Siegel, J. H. AU - Rivkind, A. I. AU - Dalal, S. AU - Godzari, S. PY - 1990 DA - 1990// TI - Early physiologic predictors of injury severity and death in blunt multiple trauma JO - Arch Surg VL - 125 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1990.01410160084019 DO - 10.1001/archsurg.1990.01410160084019 ID - Siegel1990 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Randolph, L. C. AU - Takacs, M. AU - Davis, K. A. PY - 2002 DA - 2002// TI - Resuscitation in the pediatric trauma population: admission base deficit remains an important prognostic indicator JO - J Trauma VL - 53 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-200211000-00006 DO - 10.1097/00005373-200211000-00006 ID - Randolph2002 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Scheingraber, S. AU - Rehm, M. AU - Sehmisch, C. AU - Finsterer, U. PY - 1999 DA - 1999// TI - Rapid saline infusion produces hyperchloremic acidosis in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery JO - Anesthesiology VL - 90 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199905000-00007 DO - 10.1097/00000542-199905000-00007 ID - Scheingraber1999 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hayhoe, M. AU - Bellomo, R. AU - Liu, G. AU - McNicol, L. AU - Buxton, B. PY - 1999 DA - 1999// TI - The aetiology and pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary bypass-associated metabolic acidosis using polygeline pump prime JO - Int Care Med VL - 25 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s001340050930 DO - 10.1007/s001340050930 ID - Hayhoe1999 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Moviat, M. AU - van Haren, F. AU - van der Hoeven, H. PY - 2003 DA - 2003// TI - Conventional or physicochemical approach in intensive care unit patients with metabolic acidosis JO - Crit Care VL - 7 UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/cc2184 DO - 10.1186/cc2184 ID - Moviat2003 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wilcox, C. S. PY - 1983 DA - 1983// TI - Regulation of renal blood flow by plasma chloride JO - J Clin Invest VL - 71 UR - https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI110820 DO - 10.1172/JCI110820 ID - Wilcox1983 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Williams, E. L. AU - Hildebrand, K. L. AU - McCormick, S. A. AU - Bedel, M. J. PY - 1999 DA - 1999// TI - The effect of intravenous lactated ringer's solution versus 0.9% sodium chloride solution on serum osmolality in human volunteers JO - Anesth Analg VL - 88 ID - Williams1999 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Barie, P. AU - Hydo, L. J. AU - Fischer, E. PY - 1996 DA - 1996// TI - Utility of severity scoring for prediction of prolonged critical care JO - J Trauma VL - 40 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199604000-00002 DO - 10.1097/00005373-199604000-00002 ID - Barie1996 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Metnitz, P. G. AU - Krenn, C. G. AU - Steltzer, H. AU - Lang, T. AU - Ploder, J. AU - Lenz, K. AU - Le Gall, J. R. AU - Druml, W. PY - 2002 DA - 2002// TI - Effect of renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy on outcome in critically ill patients JO - Crit Care Med VL - 30 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200209000-00016 DO - 10.1097/00003246-200209000-00016 ID - Metnitz2002 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Patterson, T. AU - Bailey, H. AU - Kaplan, L. J. PY - 2000 DA - 2000// TI - Hyperchloremia induces acidosis, increases the strong ion gap, and impairs coagulation [abstract] JO - Crit Care Med VL - Suppl 28 ID - Patterson2000 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Healey, M. A. AU - Davis, R. E. AU - Liu, F. C. AU - Loomis, W. H. AU - Hoyt, D. B. PY - 1998 DA - 1998// TI - Lactated ringers in superior to normal saline in a model of massive hemorrhage and resuscitation JO - J Trauma VL - 45 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199811000-00010 DO - 10.1097/00005373-199811000-00010 ID - Healey1998 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Waters, J. H. AU - Gottlieb, A. AU - Schoenwald, P. AU - Popovich, M. J. AU - Sprung, J. AU - Nelson, D. R. PY - 2001 DA - 2001// TI - Normal saline versus lactated ringer's solution for intraoperative fluid management in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: an outcome study JO - Anesth Analg VL - 93 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200110000-00004 DO - 10.1097/00000539-200110000-00004 ID - Waters2001 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kellum, J. A. PY - 2002 DA - 2002// TI - Fluid resuscitation and hyperchloremic acidosis in experimental sepsis: improved short-term survival and acid–base balance with Hextend compared with saline JO - Crit Care Med VL - 30 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200202000-00006 DO - 10.1097/00003246-200202000-00006 ID - Kellum2002 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rhee, P. AU - Wang, D. AU - Ruff, P. AU - Austin, B. AU - DeBraux, S. AU - Wolcott, K. AU - Burris, D. AU - Ling, G. AU - Sun, L. PY - 2000 DA - 2000// TI - Human neutrophil activation and increased adhesion by various resuscitation fluids JO - Crit Care Med VL - 28 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200001000-00012 DO - 10.1097/00003246-200001000-00012 ID - Rhee2000 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Junger, W. G. AU - Hoyt, D. B. AU - Hamreus, M. AU - Liu, F. C. AU - Herdon-Remelius, C. AU - Junger, W. AU - Altman, A. PY - 1997 DA - 1997// TI - Hypertonic saline activates protein kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 in T-cells JO - J Trauma VL - 42 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199703000-00011 DO - 10.1097/00005373-199703000-00011 ID - Junger1997 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Pedoto, A. AU - Caruso, J. E. AU - Nandi, J. AU - Oler, A. AU - Hoffmann, S. P. AU - Tassiopoulos, A. K. AU - McGraw, D. J. AU - Camporesi, E. M. AU - Hakim, T. S. PY - 1999 DA - 1999// TI - Acidosis stimulates nitric oxide production and lung damage in rats JO - Am J Respir Crit Care Med VL - 159 UR - https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9802093 DO - 10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9802093 ID - Pedoto1999 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Haque, I. U. AU - Huang, C. J. AU - Scumpia, P. O. AU - Nasiroglu, O. AU - Skimming, J. W. PY - 2003 DA - 2003// TI - Intravascular infusion of acid promotes intrapulmonary inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and impairs blood oxygenation in rats JO - Crit Care Med VL - 31 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000065678.24064.58 DO - 10.1097/01.CCM.0000065678.24064.58 ID - Haque2003 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kellum, J. A. PY - 1998 DA - 1998// TI - Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill: lessons learned from physical chemistry JO - Kidney Int VL - 53 ID - Kellum1998 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Balasubramanyan, N. AU - Havens, P. L. AU - Hoffman, G. M. PY - 1999 DA - 1999// TI - Unmeasured anions identified by the Fencl–Stewart method predict mortality better than base excess, anion gap, and lactate in patients admitted in the pediatric intensive care unit JO - Crit Care Med VL - 27 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199908000-00030 DO - 10.1097/00003246-199908000-00030 ID - Balasubramanyan1999 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hatherill, M. AU - Waggie, Z. AU - Purves, L. AU - Reynolds, L. AU - Argent, A. PY - 2003 DA - 2003// TI - Mortality and the nature of metabolic acidosis in children with shock JO - Int Care Med VL - 29 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-003-1888-7 DO - 10.1007/s00134-003-1888-7 ID - Hatherill2003 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cusack, R. J. AU - Rhodes, A. AU - Lochhead, P. AU - Jordan, B. AU - Perry, S. AU - Ball, J. A. AU - Grounds, R. M. AU - Bennett, E. D. PY - 2002 DA - 2002// TI - The strong ion gap does not have prognostic value in critically ill patients in a mixed medical/surgical adult ICU JO - Int Care Med VL - 28 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-002-1318-2 DO - 10.1007/s00134-002-1318-2 ID - Cusack2002 ER - TY - STD TI - Kellum JA, Ed: The Acid Base pHorum.[http://www.ccm.upmc.edu/education/resources/phorum.html] UR - http://www.ccm.upmc.edu/education/resources/phorum.html ID - ref43 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kaplan, L. J. AU - Kellum, J. A. PY - 2004 DA - 2004// TI - Initial pH, base deficit, lactate, anion gap, strong ion difference and strong ion gap predicts outcome from major vascular injury JO - Crit Care Med VL - 32 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000125517.28517.74 DO - 10.1097/01.CCM.0000125517.28517.74 ID - Kaplan2004 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kaplan, L. J. AU - Bailey, H. AU - Klein, A. PY - 1999 DA - 1999// TI - Strong ion gap: a predictor of early mortality following blunt or penetrating trauma [abstract] JO - Crit Care Med VL - Suppl 27 UR - https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199912001-00076 DO - 10.1097/00003246-199912001-00076 ID - Kaplan1999 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kellum, J. A. AU - Kramer, D. J. AU - Pinsky, M. R. PY - 1995 DA - 1995// TI - Strong ion gap: a methodology for exploring unexplained anions JO - J Crit Care VL - 10 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9441(95)90016-0 DO - 10.1016/0883-9441(95)90016-0 ID - Kellum1995 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kellum, J. A. AU - Bellomo, R. AU - Kramer, D. J. AU - Pinsky, M. R. PY - 1995 DA - 1995// TI - Hepatic anion flux during acute endotoxemia JO - J Appl Physiol VL - 78 ID - Kellum1995 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gunnerson, K. J. AU - Saul, M. AU - Kellum, J. A. PY - 2003 DA - 2003// TI - Lactic versus nonlactic metabolic acidosis: outcomes in critically ill patients [abstract] JO - Crit Care VL - 7 UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/cc1906 DO - 10.1186/cc1906 ID - Gunnerson2003 ER -