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Table 1 Effects of acids on inflammatory mediators in macrophages

From: Science review: Extracellular acidosis and the immune response: clinical and physiologic implications

Acid

pHo

Cells

LPS

Effect

Reference

HCl

6.5

Alveolar macrophages

(+)

↑TNF mRNA

5

HCl

5.5

Alveolar macrophages

(+)

↑TNF mRNA/↓TNF secretion

5

HCl

5.5

RAW

(+)

No ΔTNF mRNA/↓TNF secretion

7

HCl

7.0

Alveolar macrophages

(+)

↓TNF secretion

8

HCl

7.0

Peritoneal macrophages

(-)

↑NO, ↑TNF*, ↑NF-κB

6

HCl

7.2

RAW

(+)

↑NO

9

LA

6.7

Peritoneal macrophages

(+)

↑TNF mRNA/↑TNF secretion

10

DS

6.0

Peritoneal macrophages

(+)

↓TNF mRNA/↓TNF secretion

14

DS

6.5

Human blood-borne macrophages

(+)

↓TNF mRNA, ↓NF-κB

15

  1. *Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was not measured directly. DS, lactate-based dialysis solution; LA, lactic acid; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NO, nitric oxide; NR, not recorded; pHo, extracellular pH.