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Table 1 Immunomodulatory effects of dopamine under septic conditions

From: Clinical review: Immunomodulatory effects of dopamine in general inflammation

Influence on

 

Effect

Mechanism

Pituitary hormones:

Prolactin

Suppression

Indirectly via nNOS, D2 receptor

 

Thyroid hormones

Suppression

D2 receptor

 

Growth hormones

Suppression

D2 receptor

 

Glucocorticoid

Induction

α2 receptor, D2 receptor

Cytokines:

IL-10

Induction

β receptor, ROS

 

TNF-α (monocytes, HUVECs)

Suppression

β receptor, ROS

 

TNF-α (neutrophils)

Suppression

D1 receptor

 

IL-1

Suppression

β receptor, ROS

 

IL-6 (monocytes, HUVECs)

Suppression

β receptor, ROS

 

IL-6 (glomerulosa cells)

Induction

D2 receptor

 

IL-12 p40

Suppression

β receptor

Chemokines:

IL-8 (HUVEC)

Induction

ROS

 

IL-8 (PTEC)

Suppression

ROS

 

Gro-α

Suppression

ROS

 

ENA-78

Suppression

ROS

Adhesion molecules

CD11b/CD18

Suppression

ROS

 

E-selectin

Suppression

ROS?

 

ICAM-1

Suppression

ROS?

Nitric oxide

In HUVECs

Suppression

ROS

 

In monocytes

Induction

β receptor

Apoptosis

In neutrophils

Induction

D1 and β receptor, ROS

 

In lymphocytes

Induction

D1 and β receptor, ROS

PLA2 metabolites:

PAF

Suppression

?

Respiratory burst

In neutrophils

Suppression

D1 receptor

  1. HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; IL, interleukin; nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase; PAF, platelet activating factor; PTEC, proximal tubular epithelial cell; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.