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Figure 2 | Critical Care

Figure 2

From: Science review: Key inflammatory and stress pathways in critical illness – the central role of the Toll-like receptors

Figure 2

The Toll-like receptor (TLR) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathways, represented as Toll and imd pathways in Drosophila, are arranged in tandem in the mammalian host, and are connected by the cytokine TNF (which does not exist in flies). Each pathway has the effect of activating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), although the second (TNF receptor) limb of the pathway may affect different cells than the first (TLR) limb. FADD, Fas associated death domain protein; IRAK, interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase; LBP, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; RIP, receptor interacting protein; SAPK, stress activated protein kinase; TAK, transforming growth factor-β activated kinase; TNFR, TNF receptor; TRADD, TNF-receptor associated death domain protein; TRAF, tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor.

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Critical Care

ISSN: 1364-8535