Table 2 Suggested Indications for Parenteral Nutrition.

• Prolonged ileus > 3 days

mechanical obstruction, generalized peritonitis, peritoneal carcinosis, abdominal distension on enteral nutrition

• Short Bowel syndrome

mesenteric infarction, extensive small bowel resection

• Severe malabsorption

radiation injury to intestine, high output fistulae, inflammatory bowel diseases in acute phase, splanchnic ischemia

• Time to reach full enteral nutrition or oral > 5 days

• Insufficient energy intakes

• Hyperemesis gravidarum

• High risk of aspiration