Skip to main content

Table 1 Changes in enteral nutrition, neuromonitoring, caloric requirement, and laboratory values before, during, and after prolonged continuous L-alanine-L-glutamine infusion

From: Prolonged continuous intravenous infusion of the dipeptide L-alanine- L-glutamine significantly increases plasma glutamine and alanine without elevating brain glutamate in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

 

Before infusion

During infusion

After infusion

Enteral nutrition and L-alanine-L-glutamine infusion

Enteral nutrition (ml/h)

42 ± 8, 30, 62

45 ± 11, 25, 60

47 ± 15, 30, 90

Calories (kcal/d)

1512 ± 288, 1,080, 2,232

1620 ± 396, 900, 2,160

1692 ± 540, 1,080, 3,240

L-alanine-L-glutamine (ml/h)

--

13 ± 2, 9, 15

--

Neuromonitoring

ICP (mmHg)

11 ± 4, 4, 18

9 ± 5, 0, 40

9 ± 6, 0, 25

CPP (mmHg)

78 ± 6, 71, 90

79 ± 7, 60, 98

80 ± 8, 56, 110

Brain temperature (°C)

35.1 ± 0.2, 34.8, 35.4

35.4 ± 0.26, 34.6, 36

35.5 ± 0.5, 34.5, 37

ptiO2 (mmHg)

23 ± 11, 10, 40

29 ± 9, 15, 65

27 ± 8, 11, 57

BIS

33 ± 8, 20, 45

35 ± 12, 10, 94

42 ± 18, 10, 89*

Brain glucose (mM)

0.76 ± 0.99; 0.5, 3.5

1.1 ± 1.1; 0.6, 4.6

0.68 ± 1.0; 0.4, 6,5

Brain lactate (mM)

2.2 ± 3.5; 0.8, 11

3.8 ± 1.6; 0.5, 8.5

3.2 ± 1.7; 0.5, 9.3

Brain lactate-to-pyruvate ratio

14 ± 25; 2.4, 88

14 ± 23; 2, 136

9 ± 22; 3, 300

Caloric requirement

Kcal

1,830 ± 193; 1,440, 1,940

1,945 ± 320; 1,480, 2,810

2,115 ± 353; 1,830, 2,830*

RQ

0.84 ± 0.07; 0.76, 0.94

0.84 ± 0.05; 0.76, 0.96

0.83 ± 0.07;0.72, 0.9

Laboratory values

CRP

149 ± 79, 1.3, 203

109 ± 78; 25, 371

76 ± 69; 12, 269

Fibrinogen

4 ± 1.7; 1.7, 7.1

6.2 ± 1.5; 2.3, 8.5

6.5 ± 1.8; 2.2, 11.6

Albumin (g/L)

23 ± 4; 13, 29

22 ± 4; 14, 31

21 ± 5; 14, 33

Blood urea (mmol/L)

2.7 ± 1.6; 1.2, 7

5.5 ± 1.5; 1.6, 9.7*

5.1 ± 2.2; 2.2, 10.5

Ammonia (μmol/L)

12 ± 6.3; 6, 25

26 ± 8.3; 10, 51*

26 ± 8.4; 4, 34*

Creatinine (μmol/L)

68 ± 23; 53, 126

66 ± 16; 42, 122

68 ± 17; 45, 99

GOT (U/ml)

44 ± 61, 15, 206

42 ± 40; 13, 165

60 ± 53; 13, 191

GPT (U/ml)

20 ± 50; 11, 141

19 ± 64, 10, 172

18 ± 58, 12, 158

Urine urea (mmol/L)

74 ± 56; 40, 203

136 ± 85; 31, 398

117 ± 53; 36, 215

Nitrogen balance (g/d)

8 ± 3.6; 5.9, 10.7

10 ± 1.6; 6.9, 11

8.5 ± 3.3; 6, 16.5

Lymphocytes (10-3/μl)

0.9 ± 0.4; 0.37, 1.58

0.9 ± 0.3; 0.38, 1.59

1.0 ± 0.7; 0.72, 3.17

Sedation

Midazolam (mg/h)

90 ± 20; 60, 110

90 ± 20; 60, 110

70 ± 20; 40, 90*

  1. Nitrogen balance was calculated based on administered nitrogen from protein and amino acids minus nitrogen in urinary urea without including other potential losses via, for example, skin and stool. Results are shown as median ± standard deviation; range. *P <0.001 analysis of variance and post hoc Dunn’s test. ICP, CPP, BIS, ptiO2, RQ, respiratory quotient; CRP, C-reactive protein; GOT, aspartate aminotransferase; GPT, alanine aminotransferase.