Table 1 Clinical characteristics and 28-day mortality in septic shock patients ( N = 30), severe sepsis patients ( N = 12) and hemorrhagic shock patients ( N = 11)^a

Age, yr

60.9 ± 1.8

58.8 ± 3

40.2 ± 3.7

<0.001^b

Sex (M/F)

18 (60)/12 (40)

8 (66.7)/4 (33.3)

7 (63.6)/4 (36.4)

0.921

Admitting diagnosis

  Medical critical state

21 (70)

8 (66.7)

0 (0)

  Surgical critical state

7 (23.3)

3 (25)

1 (9.1)

<0.001^b,c

  Multiple trauma

2 (6.7)

1 (8.3)

10 (90.9)

Etiology of sepsis

  Pneumonia

8 (26.6)

8 (66.7)

–

  Bacteremia/CRS

12 (40)

2 (16.6)

–

  Peritonitis

4 (13.3)

1 (8.3)

–

  Cholecystitis

2 (6.6)

0

–

  Pyelonephritis

1 (3.3)

0

–

  Cellulitis

1 (3.3)

0

–

  Unknown

2 (6.6)

1 (8.3)

–

Comorbidities in septic patients

  Diabetes

6 (20)

3 (25)

–

  Hepatic disease

4 (13.3)

1 (8.3)

–

  Respiratory disease

7 (23.3)

2 (16.6)

–

  Cancer

4 (13.3)

2 (16.6)

–

  Autoimmune disease

5 (16.6)

1 (8.3)

–

  Glucocorticoid therapy

6 (20)

2 (16.6)

–

Baseline clinical parameters

  APACHE II score

19.9 ± 0.8

14.8 ± 0.6

9.8 ± 0.7

<0.001^b,c,d

  Peak noradrenaline dose, μg/min

19.7 ± 2.1

–

17.8 ± 2.5

0.619^e

  Fluid balance, ml

5,305.3 ± 218.7

2,802.5 ± 269.9

3,703.6 ± 398.3

<0.001^b,d

  Renal failure

7 (23.3)

4 (33.3)

0 (0)

0.13

Baseline ventilatory parameters

  pH

7.4 ± 0.01

7.39 ± 0.01

7.41 ± 0.01

0.552

  PEEP, mmHg

5.93 ± 0.13

5.92 ± 0.23

4.82 ± 0.12

<0.001^b,c

  PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio

355.9 ± 13.5

341.5 ± 18.1

368.3 ± 27.9

0.699

Total maximum SOFA score

10.8 ± 0.4

8.9 ± 0.7

8 ± 0.5

0.002^b

Mortality

  28-day mortality

17 (56.67)

3(25)

3 (27.27)

0.085