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Table 2 Factors independently associated with physical restraint use

From: Predictors of physical restraint use in Canadian intensive care units

Data point

Univariable

Multivariable

 

ORa(95% CI)

ORa(95% CI)

Patient characteristics

  

Age

1.00 (0.99-1.01)

1.00 (0.99-1.01)

Male sex

0.98 (0.71-1.33)

1.15 (0.78-1.69)

Psychiatric conditionb

1.02 (0.66-1.56)

0.86 (0.48-1.55)

Cognitive impairment (dementia)

1.01 (0.36-2.81)

1.42 (0.40-5.00)

Prior psychotropic drug usec

0.91 (0.67-1.24)

0.98 (0.64-1.50)

Smoking or alcohol consumption, habitual drug use

0.99 (0.73-1.36)

1.03 (0.70-1.53)

Patient category

  

  Surgical

1

1

  Medical

0.93 (0.66-1.32)

0.96 (0.60-1.52)

  Other

0.75 (0.51-1.11)

0.96 (0.58-1.59)

APACHE II score

0.99 (0.97-1.01)

1.00 (0.97-1.02)

Treatment characteristics

  

Medication use per mechanical ventilation days

  

  Benzodiazepines (10 mg incrementsd)

1.11 (1.06-1.16)

1.05 (1.00-1.11)

  Propofol (10 mg increments)

1.00 (1.00-1.00)

1.00 (1.00-1.00)

  Opioids (10 mg incrementse)

1.06 (1.04-1.09)

1.04 (1.01-1.06)

Daily sedation interruption

1.36 (1.00-1.84)

1.46 (0.93-2.30)

Sedation administration

  

  Intermittent use only

1

1

  Continuous infusion only

1.43 (0.93-2.21)

1.39 (0.74-2.59)

  Both

4.14 (2.45-7.01)

2.71 (1.35-5.43)

Antipsychotic prescription

4.07 (2.50-6.64)

3.09 (1.74-5.48)

Sedation-Agitation Scale scores

  

  Agitation (SAS >4)f

7.31 (3.27-16.36)

3.73 (1.50-9.29)

  Over-sedation (SAS <3)f

2.74 (1.83-4.08)

1.30 (0.77-2.20)

Adverse eventg

2.44 (1.12-5.34)

1.29 (0.53-3.15)

Hospital and ICU h characteristics

  

University-affiliated hospital (vs. community)

0.71 (0.51-0.99)

0.32 (0.17-0.61)

Closed ICUh model (vs. open model)

1.39 (0.95-2.04)

0.59 (0.34-1.04)

Proportion of ventilator capable beds in the ICUh

  

  <25%

1

1

  25-50%

0.55 (0.25-1.21)

0.99 (0.34-2.85)

  51-75%

1.16 (0.52-2.56)

2.97 (1.03-8.55)

  76-90%

1.86 (0.83-4.15)

8.34 (2.58-26.99)

  >90%

0.63 (0.26-1.52)

1.97 (0.52-7.44)

Nurse to patient ratio ever <1:1

1.50 (1.05-2.15)

0.81 (0.51-1.30)

Province

  

  Ontario

1

1

  Newfoundland and Labrador

1.98 (1.00-3.89)

1.55 (0.64-3.77)

  Nova Scotia

0.49 (0.15-1.67)

0.37 (0.09-1.54)

  New Brunswick

/

/

  Prince Edward Island

2.96 (0.79-11.15)

4.23 (0.79-22.64)

  Quebec

1.42 (0.93-2.18)

1.80 (0.99-3.29)

  Manitoba

4.44 (1.47-13.42)

7.78 (2.13-28.46)

  Saskatchewan

0.49 (0.22-1.13)

0.46 (0.15-1.42)

  Alberta

0.87 (0.56-1.34)

1.31 (0.67-2.57)

  British Columbia

1.38 (0.43-4.45)

1.02 (0.24-4.32)

  1. aOR, odds ratio; bpsychiatric condition included documented depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia; cpsychotropic drugs included: sedative, narcotics, methadone, antidepressants; ddose expressed in midazolam equivalents (1 mg midazolam = 0.5 mg lorazepam); edose expressed in morphine equivalents (10 mg morphine = 2 mg hydromorphone = 0.1 mg fentanyl); fSedation-Agitation Scale; gadverse events comprised deliberate or accidental device removal (endotracheal tube, intravenous lines, feeding tubes, urinary catheters) by patients or accidental removal by staff, and danger to self or others; hICU, intensive care unit; /, low frequency counts did not allow for more accurate estimates. APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II.
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