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Table 1 Characteristics of patients who were restrained and never restrained

From: Predictors of physical restraint use in Canadian intensive care units

Data pointa

Non-restrained (n = 337)

Restrained (n = 374)

Patient characteristics

  

Age (years)

60.6 (16.6)

61.1 (16.8)

Gender (male)

212 (63)

230 (62)

APACHE II score

19.9 (8.0)

19.4 (7.7)

Patient admission category

  

  Medical

124 (37)

156 (42)

  Surgical

115 (34)

132 (35)

  Cardiac

52 (15)

33 (9)

  Neurologic/trauma

35 (10)

41 (11)

  Other

11 (3)

12 (3)

Duration of organ dysfunction (days)

  

  Renal failureb

0.9 (2.4)

1.4 (3.3)

  Hepatic failurec

0.4 (1.6)

1.0 (3.2)

Inotrope/vasopressor support (days)d

1.4 (2.0)

1.9 (3.1)

Cognitive impairment (dementia)

7 (2)

9 (2)

Psychiatric conditione

45 (13)

53 (14)

Prior use of sedative, opioid, antidepressant

113 (34)

113 (30)

Prior use of antipsychotic

25 (7)

31 (8)

Current smokers

56 (17)

68 (18)

Alcohol consumption

80 (24)

100 (27)

Habitual drug use

18 (5)

15 (4)

Treatment characteristics

  

Daily drug use

  

  Benzodiazepines (mgf)*

10.8 (34.0)

29.6 (65.8)

  Propofol (mg)*

91.1 (523.5)

104.1 (501.2)

  Opioids (mgg)*

32.9 (60.2)

64.6 (91.8)

Daily sedation interruption (days)*

0.7 (1.1)

1.2 (1.7)

Sedation-Agitation Scale scores (days)*

  

  Agitation (SAS >4)h*

0.1 (0.3)

0.4 (1.2)

  Over-sedation (SAS <3)h*

1.1 (2.1)

1.9 (2.7)

Antipsychotic administration (days)*

0.2 (0.9)

1.2 (3.0)

Duration of mechanical ventilation (days)*

3.1 (3.5)

6.8 (6.5)

Occurrence of adverse eventi*

9 (3)

24 (6)

  1. aValues are n (%) for categorical variables and means (standard deviations) for continuous variables; brenal failure was defined as creatinine clearance <30 ml/min, serum creatinine >180 μmol/L or need for dialysis; chepatic failure was defined as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine transaminase (ALT) >2 times the upper limit of normal or bilirubin >3 times the upper limit of normal; dinotrope or vasopressor support: administration of inotropes and vasopressors at any dose; epsychiatric condition included depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia; fdose expressed in midazolam equivalents (1 mg midazolam = 0.5 mg lorazepam); gdose expressed in morphine equivalents (10 mg morphine = 2 mg hydromorphone = 0.1 mg fentanyl); hSedation-Agitation Scale; iadverse events comprised deliberate or accidental device removal (endotracheal tube, intravenous lines, feeding tubes, urinary catheters) by patients or accidental removal by staff, and danger to self or others. *Difference between groups was statistically significant (P <0.05). APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II.
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