Table 1 A summary of trials of proton pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis

Powell et al. (1993) [17]

Post-CABG, surgical ICU. Age: 57; APACHE II: N/R

Omeprazole i.v. 80 mg × 1, then i.v. 40 mg/day (n = 10) Omeprazole i.v. 80 mg × 1, then i.v. 40 mg/8 h (n = 10) Ranitidine i.v. 50 mg/8 h (n = 11)

0 (0 %) 0 (0 %) 0 (0 %)

N/R N/R N/R

Risaliti and Uzzau (1993) [18]

Post-major surgery, surgical ICU. Age: 62; APACHE II: N/R

Omeprazole i.v. 40 mg, then PO 20 mg/day (n = 14) Ranitidine i.v. 150 mg, then PO 300 mg/day (n = 14)

0 (0 %) 0 (0 %)

N/R N/R

Levy et al. (1997) [19]

Medical and surgical ICU. Age: 57; APACHE II: 19

Omeprazole NG 40 mg/day (n = 32) Ranitidine i.v. 50 mg bolus, then i.v. 50 mg/day (n = 35)

1 (3 %)* 11 (35 %)

5 (14 %) 6 (18 %)

Lasky et al. (1998) [10]

Post-trauma, mechanically ventilated. Age: N/A; APACHE II: N/R

Omeprazole NG 40 mg × 2, then NG 20 mg/day (n = 60)

0 (0 %)

17 (28 %)

Phillips et al. (1998) [21]

General ICU. Age: N/A; APACHE II: N/R

Omeprazole NG 40 mg × 2, then NG 20 mg/day (n = 33) Ranitidine i.v. 50 mg × 1, c.i.v. 150-200 mg/24 h (n = 25)

1 (3 %)* 4 (16 %)

6 (18 %) 4 (16 %)

Azvedo et al. (1999) [22]

General ICU. Age: 57; APACHE II: N/R

Omeprazole i.v. 40 mg/12 h (n = 38) Ranitidine c.i.v. 150 mg/24 h (n = 38) Sucralfate NG 1 mg/6 h (n = 32)

0 (0 %) 4 (11 %) 3 (9 %)

5 (13.1 %) 4 (11 %) 3 (9 %)

Kantorova et al. (2004) [23]

Surgical ICU. Age: 47; APACHE II: 18

Omeprazole i.v. 40 mg/day (n = 72) Famotidine i.v. 40 mg/12 h (n = 71) Sucralfate NG 1 mg/6 h (n = 69) Placebo (n = 75)

1 (1 %) 2 (3 %) 3 (4 %) 1 (1 %)

8 (11 %) 7 (10 %) 6 (9 %) 5 (7 %)

Pan and Li (2004) [24]

Critically ill patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Age: 48; APACHE II: 12

Rabeprazole PO 20 mg/day (n = 20) Famotidine i.v. 40 mg/12 h (n = 10)

0 (0 %) 1 (10 %)

N/R N/R

Conrad et al. (2005) [25]

General ICU. Age: 55; APACHE II: 23

Omeprazole NG 40 mg × 2, then NG 40 mg/day (n = 178) Cimetidine i.v. 300 mg bolus, then c.i.v. 1200 mg/24 h (n = 181)

7 (4 %) 10 (6 %)

20 (11 %) 17 (9 %)

Hata et al. (2005) [26]

Cardiac ICU. Age: 65; APACHE II: N/R

Rabeprazole PO 10 mg/day (n = 70) Ranitidine PO 300 mg/day (n = 70) Teprenone NG 150 mg/day (n = 70)

0 (0 %) 4 (6 %) 4 (6 %)

N/R N/R N/R

Kotlyanskaya et al. (2008) [27]

Medical ICU. Age: 72; APACHE II: 28

Lanzoprazole PO (n = 45), dose not given Ranitidine (n = 21), dose and route not given

0 (0 %) 3 (14 %)

2 (4 %) 4 (19 %)

Somberg et al. (2008) [28]

Mixed ICU. Age 42; APACHE II: 15

Pantoprazole i.v. 40 mg/day (n = 32) Pantoprazole i.v. 40 mg/12 h (n = 38) Pantoprazole i.v. 80 mg/day (n = 23) Pantoprazole i.v. 80 mg/12 h (n = 39) Pantoprazole i.v. 80 mg/8 h (n = 35) Cimetidine i.v. 300 mg bolus, then CIV 1200 mg/24 h (n = 35)

0 (0 %) 0 (0 %) 0 (0 %) 0 (0 %) 0 (0 %) 0 (0 %)

3 (9 %) 8 (21 %) 1 (4.3 %) 2 (5.1 %) 2 (5.7 %) 3 (9.1 %)

Solouki and Kouchak (2009) [29]

General ICU. Age 50; APACHE II: N/R

Omeprazole NG 20 mg/12 h (n = 61) Ranitidine i.v. 50 mg/12 h (n = 68)

4 (7 %) 18 (26 %)

8 (13 %) 6 (9 %)