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Figure 3 | Critical Care

Figure 3

From: Inhibition of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha with etanercept provides protection against lethal H1N1 influenza infection in mice

Figure 3

Etanercept inhibited the TLRs-NF-κB signaling pathway and enhanced host control of influenza replication. On days 2 and 4 after infection, mice were euthanized, and the lungs were harvested and assayed for the following: (A through C) Relative mRNA levels of TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7. (D through F) The cascade genes (MyD88, TRIF, NF-κB, p65) in the NF-κB pathway. (G) Influenza M gene, indicating the replication of influenza virus. (H through I) Immunohistochemical assay for phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 (dark yellow staining). The level of dark yellow staining indicates the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Data are presented as mean ± SD. #P ≤ 0.05 compared with saline recipients.

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Critical Care

ISSN: 1364-8535