Table 1 Patient characteristics and pathogens

Variables at admission

Male, n (%)

633 (66.2)

190 (73.4)

443 (63.6)

0.004

Age, years (median [IQR])

62 [46; 76]

72 [58; 80]

58 [42; 73]

<0.0001

Scores, median [IQR]

SAPSII

43.5 [31; 59]

60 [43; 74]

39 [27; 53]

<0.0001

SOFA score

6 [4; 9]

9 [6; 12]

5 [3; 8]

<0.0001

LOD score

5 [2; 7]

7 [4; 10]

4 [2; 6]

<0.0001

Coma Glasgow Scale

13 [5; 15]

7 [3; 15]

14 [7; 15]

<0.0001

McCabe, n (%)

<0.0001

1

684 (71.7)

140 (54.1)

544 (78.3)

2

235 (24.6)

98 (37.8)

137 (19.7)

3

35 (3.7)

21 (8.1)

14 (2.0)

CURB-65, n (%)

<0.0001

0

13 (1.4)

0 (0)

13 (1.9)

1

62 (6.5)

4(1.6)

58 (8.3)

2

176 (18.4)

22 (8.5)

154 (22.1)

3

292 (30.6)

65 (25.2)

227 (32.6)

4

252 (26.4)

90 (34.9)

162 (23.2)

5

160 (16.8)

77 (29.8)

83 (11.9)

Co-morbidities (Knaus definitions), n (%)

Chronic hepatic failure

43 (4.5)

22 (8.5)

21 (3.0)

0.0003

Chronic heart failure

107 (11.2)

38 (14.7)

69 (9.9)

0.04

Chronic respiratory failure

167 (17.5)

55 (21.2)

112 (16.1)

0.06

Chronic renal failure

19 (2.0)

7 (2.7)

12 (1.7)

0.33

Diabetes

123 (12.9)

40 (15.4)

83 (11.9)

0.15

≥ One co-morbidity

352 (36.8)

124 (47.9)

228 (32.7)

<0.0001

Smokers ( >20 pack-year), n (%)

243 (30.6)

57 (26.6)

186 (32.1)

0.14

Alcohol ( >80 g/day), n (%)

189 (23.8)

44 (20.6)

145 (25.0)

0.19

Sepsis, n (%)

928 (97.1)

252(97.3)

676 (97.0)

0.80

Severe sepsis, n (%)

828 (86.6)

235 (90.7)

593 (85.1)

0.02

Septic shock, n (%)

325 (34.0)

132 (51.0)

193 (27.7)

<0.0001

Treatments, n (%) unless otherwise stated

Invasive ventilation

604 (63.3)

207 (79.9)

397 (57.0)

<0.0001

Noninvasive ventilation

107 (11.2)

25 (9.7)

82 (11.8)

0.36

Inotropes or vasoactive agents

422 (44.1)

167 (64.5)

255 (36.6)

<0.0001

Corticosteroids

182 (19.0)

66 (25.5)

116 (16.6)

0.002

Hemodialysis/hemofiltration

63 (6.6)

33 (12.7)

30 (4.3)

<0.0001

Antibiotic therapy duration in days (median [IQR])

7 [4; 13]

8 [3; 15]

7 [4; 13]

0.69

Organisms, n (%)

Streptococcus pneumoniae

202 (21.1)

52 (20.1)

150 (21.5)

0.63

Staphylococcus aureus

104 (10.9)

31(12.0)

73 (10.5)

0.51

Streptococcus spp.

36 (3.8)

12 (4.6)

24 (3.4)

0.39

Enterocococcus spp.

3 (0.3)

0

3 (0.4)

0.29

Hemophilus influenzae

97 (10.1)

25 (9.7)

72 (10.3)

0.76

Escherichia coli

34 (3.6)

16 (6.2)

18 (2.6)

0.008

Enterobacter spp.

13 (1.4)

6 (2.3)

7 (1.0)

0.12

Klebsiella pneumoniae

28 (2.9)

13 (5.0)

15 (2.2)

0.02

Serratia marescens

4 (0.4)

0 (0)

4 (0.6)

0.22

Proteus mirabilis

9 (0.9)

5 (1.9)

4 (0.6)

0.05

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

29 (3.0)

16 (6.2)

13 (1.9)

0.0005

Legionella pneumophila

25 (2.6)

4 (1.5)

21 (3.0)

0.21

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

1 (0.1)

0 (0)

1 (0.1)

0.54

Chlamydia pneumoniae

2 (0.2)

1 (0.4)

1 (0.1)

0.47

Aspergillus fugimatus

3 (0.3)

2 (0.8)

1 (0.1)

0.12

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

14 (1.5)

3 (1.2)

11 (1.6)

0.63

Viruses

24 (2.5)

3 (1.2)

21 (3.0)

0.10

Other

14 (1.5)

4 (1.5)

10 (1.4)

0.90

Multiple organisms

92 (9.6)

29 (11.2)

63 (9.0)

0.31

None identified

418 (43.7)

99 (38.2)

319 (45.8)

0.04

Bacteremia

121 (12.7)

45 (17.4)

76 (10.9)

0.008

Acquisition of MDR pathogen or nosocomial pneumonia, n (%)

MDR bacteria

105 (11.0)

34 (13.1)

71(10.2)

0.19

MRSA

25 (2.6)

9 (3.5)

16 (2.3)

0.31

Enterobacteriaceae ESBL

38 (4.0)

15 (5.8)

23 (3.3)

0.08

Nonfermentative GNB

56 (5.9)

16 (6.2)

40 (5.7)

0.80

Clostridium difficile

9 (0.9)

2 (0.8)

7 (1.0)

0.74

Nosocomial pneumonia

127 (13.3)

48 (18.5)

79 (11.3)

0.004

ICU stay in days, median [IQR]

7 [3; 15]

8 [3; 17]

6 [3; 14]

0.45

Hospital stay in days, median [IQR]

16 [8; 31]

10 [4; 22]

18 [10; 38]

<0.0001