Table 5 Significant risk factors for abdominal compartment syndrome among intensive care unit patients
Risk factor†| Systematic review and meta-analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Patient population | Odds ratio (95% CI) | ||
Studies | Patients | |||
Demographics | ||||
Patient to OR within 75 mins of ED admission [16] | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 102.7 (9.65 to 999.9) |
Disease severity | ||||
APACHE II score > sample mean of 20.3 [22] | 1 | 45 | Severe acute pancreatitis | 1.143 (1.012 to 1.292) |
Glasgow-Imrie score > sample mean of 9.1 [22] | 1 | 45 | Severe acute pancreatitis | 1.221 (1.000 to 1.493) |
Metabolic derangement/organ failure | ||||
Temperature ≤34°C [16] | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 22.9 (1.39 to 378.25) |
Hemoglobin ≤80 g/L [16] | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 252.2 (9.89 to 999.9) |
Hemoglobin ≤80 g/L [16] (primary ACS) | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 206.1 (7.41 to 999.9) |
Base deficit ≥12 [16] | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 3.5 (1.37 to 839.50) |
Urine output ≤150 ml in 24 hrs [16] | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 64.1 (5.48 to 749.68) |
Serum creatinine > sample mean of 217.7 μmol/L [22] | 1 | 45 | Severe acute pancreatitis | 1.115 (1.02 to 1.219)* |
Shock/hypotension | ||||
Systolic blood pressure <86 in ED [16] | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 4.9 (1.78 to 13.99) |
GAPCO2 ≥16 [16] | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | >999.9 (22.1 to 999.9) |
GAPCO2 ≥16 [16] (primary ACS) | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 54.3 (2.15 to 999.9) |
Urine output ≤150 ml in 24 hrs [16] | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 89.8 (4.49 to 999.9) |
Cardiac index <2.6 L/min/m2[16] | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 12.5 (1.02 to 153.64) |
Respiratory status/failure | ||||
Respiratory rate > sample mean of 19.7 breaths/min [22] | 1 | 45 | Severe acute pancreatitis | 1.004 (1 to 1.008)* |
Crystalloid resuscitation | ||||
Crystalloid ≥3 L in ED [16] | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 23 (6.38 to 83.10) |
Crystalloid ≥3 L in ED [16] (primary ACS) | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 69.8 (10.21 to 477.7) |
Crystalloid ≥3 L in ED [16] (secondary ACS) | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 15.8 (1.74 to 143.85) |
Crystalloid ≥7.5 L [16] | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 166.2 (4.76 to 999.9) |
Crystalloid ≥7.5 L [16] (secondary ACS) | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 38.7 (3.19 to 469.55) |
Pre-hospital crystalloid [20] | 1 | 96 | Extremity injury patients | 1.99 (1.07 to 3.73) |
ED crystalloid [20] | 1 | 96 | Extremity injury patients | 1.85 (1.08 to 3.15) |
Non-crystalloid resuscitation | ||||
PRBC ≥3 units in ED [16] | 1 | 188 | Trauma patients | 5.6 (1.03 to 30.83) |
Crystalloid:PRBC ratio [23] | 1 | 452 | Blunt trauma patients | 2.3 (1.4 to 3.8) |
Crystalloid (L):PRBCs (units) >1.5:1 [23] | 1 | 452 | Blunt trauma patients | 3.6 (1.3 to 9.7) |