Table 2 Characteristics of patients according to initial rhythm and pre-hospital epinephrine administrationa
Characteristics | Initial shockable rhythm | Initial nonshockable rhythm | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | (N = 15,492) | (N = 194,085) | ||||||
| Â | Epinephrine | No epinephrine | Epinephrine | No epinephrine | ||||
| Â | (n = 3,136) | (n = 12,356) | (n = 20,540) | (n = 173,545) | ||||
Year | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
2009 | 1,423 | (45.4) | 6,410 | (51.9) | 9,075 | (44.2) | 84,717 | (48.8) |
2010 | 1,713 | (54.6) | 5,946 | (48.1) | 11,465 | (55.8) | 88,828 | (51.2) |
Mean age (yr) | 66.2 | (± 15.0) | 66.3 | (± 15.4) | 74.4 | (± 15.0) | 74.6 | (± 16.1) |
Male | 2,542 | (81.1) | 9,411 | (76.2) | 12,344 | (60.1) | 96,487 | (55.6) |
Witnessed arrest | 2,237 | (71.3) | 8,581 | (69.5) | 10,796 | (52.6) | 53,174 | (30.6) |
Bystander CPR | 1,610 | (51.3) | 6,323 | (51.2) | 9,825 | (47.8) | 77,914 | (44.9) |
Presumed cardiac cause | 2,794 | (89.1) | 10,743 | (87.0) | 11,702 | (57.0) | 93,669 | (54.0) |
Initial cardiac rhythm | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Ventricular fibrillation | 3,077 | (98.1) | 12,037 | (97.4) | NA | NA | ||
Pulseless ventricular tachycardia | 59 | (1.9) | 319 | (2.6) | NA | NA | ||
Pulseless electrical activity | NA | NA | 7,460 | (36.3) | 34,153 | (19.7) | ||
Asystole | NA | NA | 13,080 | (63.7) | 139,392 | (80.3) | ||
Prehospital actual shock delivery | 3,003 | (95.8) | 11,685 | (94.6) | 1,719 | (8.4) | 5,246 | (3.0) |
Use of advanced airway management | 2,035 | (64.9) | 4,695 | (38.0) | 15,011 | (73.1) | 69,151 | (39.9) |
Call-to-response time, min | 7.4 | (± 3.3) | 7.0 | (± 3.2) | 8.0 | (± 4.1) | 7.6 | (± 3.8) |
Epinephrine administration timeb (min) | 15.5 | (± 6.9) | NA | 17.0 | (± 7.8) | NA | ||
Total dose of pre-hospital epinephrine (mg) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
1 | 1,213 | (38.7) | NA | 8,163 | (39.7) | NA | ||
2 | 970 | (30.9) | Â | 6,329 | (30.8) | Â | ||
≥3 | 953 | (30.4) |  | 6,048 | (29.4) |  | ||