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Table 3 Breathing pattern, respiratory muscle output and continuous positive airway pressure level during spontaneous breathing at clinical and two physiological settings of continuous positive airway pressure for the upper airway obstruction and bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients.a

From: Continuous positive airway pressure titration in infants with severe upper airway obstruction or bronchopulmonary dysplasia

UAO (n= 7)

Spontaneous breathing

Clinical CPAP

Physiological CPAP

Physiological CPAP+1 cmH2O

Respiratory parameters

    

  f R (breaths/min)

46 ± 16b

36 ± 19

34 ± 17

32 ± 20

  T I /T TOT

0.6 ± 0.1b

0.5 ± 0.1

0.4 ± 0.1

0.4 ± 0.1

Respiratory muscle output

    

  Poes swing (cmH2O)

30 ± 17b

18 ± 10

12 ± 6

16 ± 7

  Pdi swing (cmH2O)

25 ± 9b

20 ± 10c

14 ± 7

17 ± 8

  Pgas swing (cmH2O)

5 ± 2b

3 ± 1

3 ± 1

3 ± 1

  Expiratory Pgas swing (cmH2O)

1 ± 2

1 ± 1

1 ± 1

2 ± 2

  PTPoes/breath (cmH2O/s)

13 ± 7

10 ± 8

7 ± 6

11 ± 10

  PTPdi/breath (cmH2O/s)

12 ± 5

11 ± 7

7 ± 5

10 ± 7

  PTPoes/min (cmH2O/s/min)

599 ± 415b

291 ± 162

201 ± 150

271 ± 188

  PTPdi/min (cmH2O/s/min)

459 ± 155b

332 ± 161c

212 ± 135

262 ± 193

  CPAP level (cmH2O)

NA

9 ± 1

11 ± 2

12 ± 2

BPD ( n = 5)

Spontaneous Breathing

Clinical CPAP

Physiological CPAP

Physiological CPAP+1 cmH 2 O

Respiratory parameters

    

  f R (breaths/min)

54 ± 6

56 ± 18

45 ± 13

46 ± 11

  T I /T TOT

0.4 ± 0.0

0.4 ± 0.0

0.4 ± 0.1

0.4 ± 0.1

Respiratory muscle output

    

  Poes swing (cmH2O)

32 ± 11d

25 ± 11c

10 ± 2

11 ± 2

  Pdi swing (cmH2O)

27 ± 9d

20 ± 5c

11 ± 4

11 ± 1

  Pgas swing (cmH2O)

2 ± 1

2 ± 1

2 ± 1

2 ± 0

  Expiratory Pgas swing (cmH2O)

7 ± 4

7 ± 6

1 ± 1

1 ± 1

  PTPoes/breath (cmH2O/s)

10 ± 4d

9 ± 4c

4 ± 2

4 ± 2

  PTPdi/breath (cmH2O/s)

9 ± 4

7 ± 3

5 ± 2

3 ± 0

  PTPoes/min (cmH2O/s/min)

526 ± 201d

468 ± 290c

156 ± 43

181 ± 43

  PTPdi/min (cmH2O/s/min)

442 ± 153

379 ± 183

183 ± 50

156 ± 0

  CPAP level (cmH2O)

NA

7 ± 1

9 ± 1

10 ± 1

  1. aBPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia, CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure, f R : respiratory rate, NA: not applicable, Poes: oesophageal pressure, Pdi: transdiaphragmatic pressure, Pgas: gastric pressure, PTP: pressure time product, T I /T TOT : inspiratory time/total respiratory cycle time ratio, UAO: upper airway obstruction. bP < 0.05 between spontaneous breathing and clinical CPAP or physiological CPAP or physiological CPAP+1 cmH2O. cP < 0.05 between clinical CPAP and physiological CPAP. dP < 0.05 between spontaneous breathing and physiological CPAP or physiological CPAP+1 cmH2O.