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Table 1 Patient baseline characteristics, ventilatory settings on study enrollment, and outcome

From: High-frequency oscillation and tracheal gas insufflation in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and traumatic brain injury: an interventional physiological study

Age (years)

33.1 ± 11.7

Sex (male/female)

9/4

Body mass index (kg/m2)

25.0 ± 1.8

PBW (kg)a

68.6 ± 8.3

TBI etiology

 

   Road traffic accident, no/total no (%)

12/13 (92.3)

   Fall from height >5 meters, no/total no (%)

1/13 (7.7)

Time from TBI (days)b

7.1 ± 1.8

Marshall classification of brain CT findings on hospital admission

 

   Grade III: Diffuse injury and swelling, no./total no (%)

7/13 (53.9)

   Grade VI: Nonevacuated mass lesion >25 ml, no/total no (%)c, d

6/13 (46.2)

Simplified Acute Physiology Score IIe

48.2 ± 11.9

Thiopental infusion, no/total no (%)f, g

4/13 (30.1)

PaO2/inspired O2 fraction (mm Hg)f

85.9 ± 12.2

Fractional inspired O2f

0.84 ± 0.14

PaCO2 (mm Hg)f

42.4 ± 15.5

Arterial pHf

7.39 ± 0.10

Positive end-expiratory pressure (cm H2O)f

13.9 ± 2.9

Tidal volume (ml/kg PBW)f

8.6 ± 1.8

Respiratory rate (breaths/min)f

25.8 ± 6.5

Minute ventilation (L/min)f

14.5 ± 2.9

Inspiratory-to-expiratory time ratiof

1:2

End-inspiratory plateau airway pressure (cm H2O)f

33.5 ± 4.7

Mean airway pressure (cm H2O)f

21.1 ± 2.9

Oxygenation indexf, h

25.3 ± 3.2

Quasistatic respiratory compliance (ml/cm H2O)f, i

31.5 ± 6.1

Murray scoref

3.4 ± 0.4

Time from ARDS diagnosis (hours)k

34.9 ± 15.1

Pulmonary ARDS, no/total no (%)l

13/13 (100.0)

Outcome according to GOSE

 

Upper good recovery (GOSE = 8), no/total no (%)m

5/13 (38.5)

Lower good recovery (GOSE = 7), no/total no (%)m

2/13 (15.4)

Death (GOSE = 1), no/total no (%)n

6/13 (46.2)

  1. Values are mean ± SD unless otherwise specified. TBI, traumatic brain injury; CT, computed tomography; PBW, predicted body weight; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; GOSE, Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended.
  2. aFor males, PBW was calculated as 50 + (height (cm) - 152.4) × 0.91; for females, 45.5 + (height(cm) - 152.4) × 0.91.
  3. bRefers to the time interval between TBI and study enrollment.
  4. cTwo patients with epidural hematoma and two patients with subdural hematoma were treated with neurosurgical evacuation within the first 3 hours after hospital admission; on follow-up CT, three patients had diffuse injury III, and one patient (also subjected to decompressive craniectomy) had diffuse injury IV findings.
  5. dTwo patients with intracerebral hemorrhage received a ventriculostomy; on follow-up CT, one patient had diffuse injury III, and one patient had diffuse injury II findings.
  6. eDetermined within 12 hours before study enrolment.
  7. fRecorded/determined within 10 minutes after study enrolment.
  8. gIn all four patients, a thiopental infusion of 6 mg/kg/h was started within 24 hours before study enrolment, because their intracranial pressure exceeded 30 mm Hg, despite the preceding combined use of propofol/midazolam anesthesia, hyperosmolar therapy, and increased minute ventilation.
  9. hCalculated as mean airway pressure divided by the PaO2/inspired O2 fraction, and then multiplied by 100.
  10. iCalculated as tidal volume divided by the difference between the end-inspiratory and end-expiratory plateau airway pressures.
  11. kRefers to the time interval between establishment of ARDS diagnosis and study enrolment.
  12. lEleven patients had severe, bilateral ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 5), or Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 4), or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 2). Four patients had bilateral pulmonary contusions, and one of them also had a new, unilateral area of consolidation with air-bronchogram, also attributed to ventilator-associated pneumonia with Acinetobacter baumannii. One patient also received a massive blood transfusion within the first 48 hours after hospital admission.
  13. mDetermined at approximately 3 months after hospital discharge; data originate from patient follow-up records of the University-affiliated Department of Neurosurgery of Evaggelismos Hospital.
  14. nCorresponds to death in the intensive care unit within 6 to 16 days after study enrolment (see also Table S2 in Additional file 1).