Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: an updated European guideline

Table 3 ATLS responses to initial fluid resuscitation

	Rapid response	Transient response	Minimal or no response
Vital signs	Return to normal	Transient improvement, recurrence of decreased blood pressure and increased heart rate	Remain abnormal
Estimated blood loss	Minimal (10% to 20%)	Moderate and ongoing (20% to 40%)	Severe (>40%)
Need for more crystalloid	Low	Low to moderate	Moderate as bridge to transfusion
Need for blood	Low	Moderate to high	Immediate
Blood preparation	Type and crossmatch	Type-specific	Emergency blood release
Need for operative intervention	Possibly	Likely	Highly likely
Early presence of surgeon	Yes	Yes	Yes

Table reprinted with permission from the American College of Surgeons [57]. *Isotonic crystalloid solution, 2,000 ml in adults; 20 ml/kg in children.

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