Table 2 ATLS classification of blood loss* based on initial patient presentation
From: Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: an updated European guideline
| Â | Class I | Class II | Class III | Class IV |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Blood loss (ml) | Up to 750 | 750 to 1,500 | 1,500 to 2,000 | >2,000 |
Blood loss (% blood volume) | Up to 15% | 15% to 30% | 30% to 40% | >40% |
Pulse rate (bpm) | <100 | 100 to 120 | 120 to 140 | >140 |
Systolic blood pressure | Normal | Normal | Decreased | Decreased |
Pulse pressure (mmHg) | Normal or increased | Decreased | Decreased | Decreased |
Respiratory rate | 14 to 20 | 20 to 30 | 30 to 40 | >35 |
Urine output (ml/h) | >30 | 20 to 30 | 5 to 15 | Negligible |
CNS/mental status | Slightly anxious | Mildly anxious | Anxious, confused | Confused, lethargic |
Initial fluid replacement | Crystalloid | Crystalloid | Crystalloid and blood | Crystalloid and blood |