Table 1 Patients' characteristics and univariate analysis of factors associated with hospital mortality

General

Age - yo

62 (43 to 76)

58 (35 to 72)

69 (53 to 80)

1.03 (1.02 to 1.04)

< 0.001

Male gender - n (%)

435 (56)

260 (58)

175 (54)

0.87 (0.66 to 1.17)

0.362

Ideal weight - Kg

61 (52 to 69)

62 (54 to 71)

61 (52 to 67)

0.98 (0.97 to 0.99)

0.034

Admission SAPS 3 score (points)

62 (52 to 72)

58 (49 to 67)

68 (57 to 77)

1.04 (1.03 to 1.06)

< 0.001

SOFA score on Day 1 (points)

8 (5 to 10)

7 (4 to 9)

8 (7 to 11)

1.17 (1.12 to 1.23)

< 0.001

SOFA score excluding respiratory component (points)

6 (4 to 8)

5 (3 to 8)

7 (5 to 9)

1.18 (1.13 to 1.24)

< 0.001

Charlson Comorbidity Index (points)

   0

314 (41)

227 (50)

87 (27)

Ref.

   1 to 2

288 (37)

160 (36)

128 (40)

0.23 (0.15 to 0.34)

< 0.001

   > 2

171 (22)

64 (14)

107 (33)

0.48 (0.33 to 0.70)

LOS prior ICU - days

1 (0 to 3)

1 (0 to 2)

1 (0 to 4)

1.03 (1.01 to 1.05)

0.009

Admission source

Ward - n (%)

242 (31)

119 (26)

122 (38)

Ref.

Emergency room - n (%)

367 (47)

225 (50)

142 (44)

0.62 (0.45 to 0.86)

0.004

Operation room - n (%)

164 (22)

107 (24)

58 (18)

0.54 (0.36 to 0.81)

0.003

Admission Diagnosis

Pneumonia - n (%)

207 (27)

111 (25)

96 (30)

0.63 (0.32 to 1.23)

0.177

Neurological - n (%)

146 (19)

73 (16)

73 (23)

0.70 (0.41 to 1.22)

0.210

Non-pulmonary sepsis - n (%)

90 (12)

41 (9)

49 (15)

0.77 (0.49 to 1.19)

0.238

Asthma/COPD - n (%)

50 (6)

33 (7)

17 (5)

Ref.

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema - n (%)

43 (6)

24 (5)

19 (6)

0.86 (0.42 to 1.75)

0.681

Extracranial trauma - n (%)

41 (5)

24 (5)

17 (5)

1.22 (0.76 to 1.95)

0.415

Hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock - n (%)

37 (5)

23 (5)

14 (4)

0.64 (0.27 to 1.55)

0.326

Aspirative syndromes - n (%)

26 (3)

17 (4)

9 (4)

0.96 (0.48 to 1.92)

0.915

Others - n (%)

133 (17)

73 (16)

60 (18)

0.74 (0.34 to 1.56)

0.431

Comorbidities

Hypertension - n (%)

328 (42)

167 (37)

161 (50)

1.71 (1.28 to 2.29)

< 0.001

Diabetes - n (%)

177 (23)

81 (18)

96 (30)

1.95 (1.39 to 2.73)

< 0.001

Heart failure - n (%)

67 (9)

27 (6)

40 (12)

2.23 (1.34 to 3.73)

0.002

Chronic renal failure - n (%)

51 (7)

16 (4)

35 (11)

3.32 (1.80 to 6.10)

< 0.001

Chronic renal failure in dialysis n (%)

15 (2)

7 (2)

8 (2)

1.62 (0.58 to 4.50)

0.359

Neoplasm - n (%)

162 (21)

66 (15)

96 (30)

1.91 (1.38 to 2.65)

< 0.001

AIDS - n (%)

13 (2)

7 (2)

6 (2)

1.21 (0.40 to 3.63)

0.736

COPD - n (%)

80 (10)

47 (10)

33 (10)

0.98 (0.61 to 1.57)

0.938

Ventilatory support category

Successful NIV - n (%)

70 (9)

57 (13)

13 (4)

Ref.

NIV failure - n (%)

81 (10)

40 (8)

41 (13)

4.49 (2.14 to 9.45)

< 0.001

Invasive MV - n (%)

622 (80)

354 (78)

268 (82)

3.32 (1.78 to 6.19)

< 0.001

Respiratory Data at first day

Pressure controlled mode - n (%)

371 (48)

208 (34)

163 (27)

1.09 (0.79 to 1.51)

0.603

Volume controlled mode - n (%)

186 (24)

104 (17)

82 (13)

1.06 (0.75 to 1.49)

0.742

Pressure support mode - n (%)

54 (7)

34 (6)

20 (3)

0.76 (0.42 to 1.35)

0.349

Tidal volume (ideal weight) - mL/kg

7.5 (6.1 to 8.7)

7.3 (6.0 to 8.7)

7.5 (6.6 to 8.9)

1.00 (0.90 to 1.11)

0.992

Plateau pressure - cmH₂O

20 (17 to 24)

20 (17 to 24)

20 (16 to 24)

0.99 (0.95 to 1.04)

0.746

PEEP - cmH₂O

6 (5 to 8)

6 (5,8)

6 (5 to 8)

0.95 (0.87 to 1.03)

0.206

PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio

257 (185 to 330)

260 (196 to 346)

250 (167 to 316)

0.99 (0.99 to 1.00)

0.014

ARDS - n (%)

242 (31)

116 (26)

126 (39)

1.50 (1.06 to 2.12)

0.021

Length of ventilatory support - days

5 (3 to 10)

5 (2 to 8)

6 (3 to 12)

1.02 (1.01 to 1.04)

0.005

Support during ICU stay

RRT - n (%)

148 (19)

47 (10)

101 (31)

3.91 (2.67 to 5.75)

< 0.001

Vasopressors - n (%)

521 (67)

265 (60)

256 (79)

2.83 (2.02 to 3.98)

< 0.001

Cumulative fluid balance (72 h) - L

2.9 (0.8 to 5.4)

2.6 (0.8 to 4.6)

3.7 (1.1 to 6.2)

1.05 (1.01 to 1.10)

0.011

Outcomes

ICU mortality - n (%)

260 (34)

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Hospital mortality - n (%)

322 (42)

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ICU LOS - days

10 (6 to 18)

10 (6 to 17)

10 (5 to 19)

1.01 (1.00 to 1.02)

0.047

Hospital LOS - days

20 (11 to 34)

23 (14 to 36)

16 (7 to 30)

0.99 (0.98 to 0.99)

0.009