Acute myocardial infarction is associated with endothelial glycocalyx and cell damage and a parallel increase in circulating catecholamines

Table 4 Cox Proportional Hazards models predicting 30-day all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality and heart failure in 571 consecutive STEMI patients treated with primary PCI.

			Adrenaline		Noradrenaline		Syndecan-1		Thrombomodulin
			HR (95%CI)	P	HR (95%CI)	P	HR (95%CI)	P	HR (95%CI)	P
All-cause mortality	30-day	uni	1.42 (1.03-1.96)	0.032		NS	1.74 (1.23-2.45)	0.002	2.13 (1.46-3.11)	<0.0001
		multi^a	1.39 (1.01-1.92)	0.046		NS	1.29 (0.90-1.85)	0.166		NS
CV mortality	30-day	uni	1.45 (1.02-2.05)	0.038	1.27 (0.91-1.78)	0.167	1.59 (1.11-2.28)	0.012	2.39 (1.54-3.68)	<0.0001
		multi^b	1.39 (0.98-1.96)	0.066		NS		NS	1.49 (0.93-2.38)	0.098
Re-MI	30-day	uni		NS		NS	0.71 (0.43-1.17)	0.176		NS
		multi^c		NS		NS		NS		NS
Heart failure	30-day	uni	1.40 (1.02-1.92)	0.041	1.31 (0.96-1.80)	0.091	1.66 (1.19-2.32)	0.003	1.53 (1.10-2.12)	0.011
		multi^d	1.65 (1.17-2.34)	0.005	1.29 (0.93-1.79)	0.135	1.38 (0.98-1.94)	0.069		NS

Hazards ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (HR (95% CI)) and P-values associated with increased quartiles of adrenaline, noradrenaline, syndecan-1 or thrombomodulin are shown for univariate and multivariate analyses, with P-values in bold for variables with p <0.05. The applied multivariate Cox proportional hazards models (MV) included variables significant for 30-day events in the univariate analyses: ^a(30-day all-cause mortality, n = 33) age (<0.001), systolic blood pressure (<0.0001), eGFR (<0.0001), peak TnI (<0.001), multivessel disease (<0.01); ^b(30-day CV mortality, n = 28) systolic blood pressure (<0.001), eGFR (<0.0001), peak TnI (<0.0001), multivessel disease (<0.01); ^c(30-day re-MI, n = 14) leukocyte count (<0.0001); ^d(30-day heart failure, n = 33) age (<0.0001), BMI (<0.01), CV, cardiovascular; eGFR (<0.0001), CRP (<0.0001), peak TnI (<0.0001). BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reaction protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PCI, primary coronary intervention; Re-MI, Re myocardial infarction; STEMI, ST elevation myocardial infarction, TN1, troponin I.

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