Table 1 Monitoring parameters and related artifacts
From: Patient monitoring alarms in the ICU and in the operating room
Signal | Artifact source | Parameter |
|---|---|---|
Ventilatory alarms | Â | Â |
   Pulse oximetry | Movement Injection of contrast dye Interruption of blood-flow by non-invasive blood pressure Measurement Ambient light | Oxygen saturation Pulse frequency |
   Capnography | Occlusion of CO2-line (by kinking or built up fluid) Ventilator circuit leakage Atmospheric pressure variations Suctioning Dead space in measurement circuit | End-tidal CO2 Inspired CO2 Respiratory rate |
Hemodynamic Alarms | Â | Â |
   EKG | Electrosurgical interference Power-line interference Movement artifacts (patient movement, positioning) Electrode instability or electrode distortion EMG/neuromonitoring interference Incorrect connection or lead contact Pacing/defibrillation Abnormally tall T-waves mistaken as QRS-complex MRI interference | Heart rate, ST-values Arrhythmia detection |
   Non-invasive blood pressure | Movement Inadequate size or cuff position Compression of cuff by external forces (surgeon or equipment pressing against the cuff Kinked cuff tubing and leaking cuff bladder | Systolic, diastolic blood pressure Mean arterial pressure |
Other Alarms | Â | Â |
   Temperature | Dislocated sensor | Temperature |