Table 1 The seven questions developed for analysis
Question (PICO format: Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome) | Route | |
|---|---|---|
1. | For adults accessing the emergency department with acute pain, should parenteral morphine or fentanyl be used to manage Intravenous acute moderate-severe pain based on reported change in pain using the visual analog scale? | Intravenous |
2. | For adults accessing the emergency department with acute pain, should parenteral hydromorphone or morphine be used to manage acute severe pain based on reported change in pain using the visual analog scale? | Intravenous |
3. | For adults accessing the emergency department with acute pain, should a parenteral hydromorphone 1 + 1 mg patient-driven protocol or other intravenous opioids at any dose (physician-driven protocol) be used to manage acute pain based on reported change in pain using the visual analog scale? | Intravenous |
4. | For adults accessing the emergency department with acute pain who do not need parenteral analgesia but request an analgesic for outpatient pain management, should oral hydromorphone or oxycodone be used to treat acute pain based on patient reported efficacy (change in pain) and adverse side effects? | Oral |
5. | For adults accessing the emergency department with acute pain who do not need parenteral analgesia but request an analgesic for outpatient pain management, should non-specific NSAIDs (e. g., ibuprofen) or codeine-acetaminophen be used for mild-moderate acute pain based on patient reported efficacy (change in pain) and adverse side effects? | Oral |
6. | For adults accessing the emergency department with acute pain who do not need parenteral analgesia but request an analgesic for outpatient pain management, should COX-2 specific NSAIDs (e.g., celecoxib) or codeine-acetaminophen be used for mild-moderate acute pain based on patient reported efficacy (change in pain) and adverse side effects? | Oral |
7. | For adults accessing the emergency department with acute pain who do not need parenteral analgesia but request an analgesic for outpatient pain management, should oxycodone-acetaminophen or codeine-acetaminophen be given to patients with acute pain based on patient reported efficacy (change in pain) and adverse side effects? | Oral |