From: Clinical review: Can we predict which patients are at risk of complications following surgery?
Grade | Organ system | Example |
---|---|---|
1 | Cardiac | Arrhythmia cardioconverting with electrolytes |
 | Respiratory | Fluid overload requiring diuretics |
 | Neurological | Mild delirium, self-limiting |
 | Gastrointestinal | Drug-related diarrhoea |
 | Renal | Mild acute renal failure (not requiring treatment) |
2 | Cardiac | Atrial fibrillation requiring ß-blockade/digoxin |
 | Respiratory | Pneumonia needing antibiotics and/or oxygen |
 | Neurological | Transient ischaemic attack |
 | Gastrointestinal | Ileus needing nasogastric/further treatment |
 | Renal | Urinary tract infection needing antibiotics |
3a | Cardiac | Bradyarrhythmia needing pacing wire |
 | Respiratory | Effusion needing chest drain |
 | Neurological | Extra/subdural haematoma needing evacuation |
 | Gastrointestinal | Pseudo-obstruction needing flatus tube |
 | Renal |  |
3b | Cardiac | Tachyarrhythmia needing direct current cardioversion |
 | Respiratory | Bronchopleural fistula post thoracic surgery |
 | Neurological | Extra/subdural haematoma needing evacuation |
 | Gastrointestinal | Anastomic leakage needing surgery |
 | Renal | Stenosis of ureters after transplantation |
4a | Cardiac | Heart failure requiring ionotropes |
 | Respiratory | Pneumonia needing intubation |
 | Neurological | Cerebrovascular accident/haemorrhage |
 | Gastrointestinal | Pancreatitis |
 | Renal | Acute renal failure |
4b | Â | Any combination of the above |