Table 5 The proportion of the daily TISS-28 items for which the activity was recorded
| Â | Usualcare n= 254 | Protocol care n= 245 | P |
|---|---|---|---|
Standard monitoring: hourly vital signs, regular registration, and calculation of fluid balance | 100% | 100% | 1.00 |
Laboratory: biochemical and microbiological investigations | 100% | 100% | 1.00 |
Single medication: intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, and/or orally (for example, gastric tube) | 1.96% | 0.10% | 0.38 |
Multiple intravenous medication: more than one drug, single shots or continuously | 97.63% | 97.95% | 1.00 |
Routine dressing changes: care and prevention of decubitus, daily dressing change | 99.21% | 99.18% | 1.00 |
Frequent dressing changes: frequent dressing change (at least one time in each nursing shift) and/or extensive wound care | 99.60% | 99.18% | 1.00 |
Care of drains: all (except gastric tube) | 64.97% | 49.38% | <0.000a |
Mechanical ventilation: any form of mechanical ventilation/assisted ventilation with or without PEEP, with or without muscle relaxants; spontaneous breathing with PEEP | 74.80% | 54.69% | <0.000a |
Supplementary ventilatory support: breathing spontaneously through endotracheal tube without PEEP; supplementary oxygen (any method) | 25.59% | 45.71% | <0.000a |
Care of artificial airways: endotracheal tube or tracheostomy | 66.93% | 56.73% | 0.02a |
Single vasoactive medication: any vasoactive drug | 23.62% | 22.04% | 0.67 |
Multiple vasoactive medications: more than one vasoactive drug, disregarded type and dose | 7.87% | 5.31% | 0.24 |
IV replacement of large fluid losses: fluid administration 3 L/m2/day, disregarding type of fluid administered | 58.66% | 45.71% | 0.004a |
Peripheral artery line | 97.64% | 97.55% | 0.95 |
Left atrium monitoring: Swan-Ganz catheter with or without cardiac-output measurement | 1.18% | 5.71% | 0.005a |
Central venous line | 91.73% | 88.98% | 0.30 |
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after arrest: in the past 24 hours (single precordial percussion not included) | 1.96% | 0.82% | 0.27 |
Renal support: hemofiltration techniques | 3.15% | 2.86% | 0.85 |
Renal support: quantitative urinary-output measurement | 99.21% | 99.59% | 0.58 |
Renal support: active diuresis | 30.71% | 28.98% | 0.67 |
Neurologic support: measurement intracranial pressure | 1.0% | 0 | 0.25 |
Treatment of complicated metabolic acidosis/alkalosis | 0.79% | 0 | 0.16 |
Intravenous hyperalimentation | 4.33% | 3.27% | 0.54 |
Enteral feeding: through gastric tube or other GI route (for example, jejunostomy) | 38.19% | 37.55% | 0.88 |
Single specific intervention in the ICU: such as naso- or orotracheal intubation, introduction of pacemaker, cardioversion, endoscopies, emergency surgery in the past 24 hours, gastric lavage, CVP; Swan-Ganz; dialysis catheter Routine interventions without direct consequences to the clinical condition of the patient are not included, such as x-rays, echography, ECG, dressings, introduction of peripheral lines | 11.81% | 15.92% | 0.18 |
Multiple specific interventions in the ICU: more than one, as described above | 3.93% | 1.23% | 0.08b |
Specific interventions outside the ICU: (for example, surgery or diagnostic procedures for which patient must leave unit (CT; bronchoscopy) | 10.63% | 6.54% | 0.10 |