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Table 5 Association of in-hospital mortality and drugs or electrocardiogram findings at hyperkalemia diagnosis

From: Severe hyperkalemia requiring hospitalization: predictors of mortality

 

Number (percentage)

Univariate analysis

Multiple logistic

regression analysisa

 

In-hospital mortality group

Survival group

OR (95% CI)

P

OR (95% CI)

P

Modifiable factors

Drug-induced hyperkalemiab

   ACEi

7 (2.5)

53 (8.3)

0.28 (0.13-0.63)

0.002

  

   ARB

19 (6.7)

146 (22.8)

0.24 (0.15-0.40)

< 0.001

  

   Beta blocker

17 (6.0)

107 (16.7)

0.32 (0.19-0.54)

< 0.001

0.31 (0.13-0.74)

0.009

   K+-sparing diuretics

20 (7.1)

88 (13.8)

0.48 (0.29-0.79)

0.004

  

   NSAIDs

2 (0.7)

20 (3.1)

0.22 (0.05-0.95)

0.043

  

   Digoxin

9 (3.2)

16 (2.5)

1.28 (0.56-2.94)

0.558

  

K supplementsb

38 (13.4)

91 (14.2)

0.94 (0.62-1.41)

0.749

  

Non-modifiable factors

    

ECG findings pertinent to hyperkalemia

   No changes

23 (8.7)

169 (41.3)

Reference

   

   Atypical findings

45 (17.0)

97 (23.7)

3.37 (1.93-5.88)

< 0.001

  

   Typical findings

196 (74.2)

143 (35.0)

9.36 (5.80-15.10)

< 0.001

  
  1. aCovariables: gender, age, serum K+ level, the differences between the admission and highest serum K+ levels, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, malignancy, history of recurrence, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi), angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), beta blocker, K+-sparing diuretics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), infection, volume depletion, bleeding, poor compliance, transfusion, new-onset acute kidney injury, acute kidney injury on chronic kidney disease, multi-organ failure at the time of diagnosis, the type of admission, onset of hyperkalemia, symptoms pertinent to hyperkalemia, level of support I, and intensive care unit treatment. bThe following were entered as 'yes-no' variables: underlying diseases; coexisting medical conditions; drug-induced hyperkalemia; potassium supplements; the presence of multiple organ failure at admission or at hyperkalemia diagnosis; hyperkalemia diagnosis at the time of cardiac arrest; and improvement in hyperkalemia. The frequency, proportion, and odds ratios (ORs) of these variables were determined by comparing 'yes' variables to the 'no' variables. CI, confidence interval; ECG, electrocardiogram.