Table 2 Management and clinical outcomes of severe hyperkalemia
From: Severe hyperkalemia requiring hospitalization: predictors of mortality
Management | Number (percentage) unless indicated otherwise |
|---|---|
Conservative management | |
Drug cessation | 219 (23.7) |
Calcium gluconate IV | 536 (58.1) |
Dextrose fluid + insulin | 486 (52.7) |
Sodium bicarbonate IV or PO | 354 (38.4) |
Calcium polystyrene sulfonate enema | 279 (30.2) |
Calcium polystyrene sulfonate PO | 455 (49.3) |
Loop diuretics IV or PO | 98 (10.6) |
Renal replacement therapy | |
Hemodialysis | 176 (19.1) |
Continuous renal replacement therapy | 71 (7.7) |
Level of support I offered to patientsa | 2.6 ± 1.8 |
Level of support II offered to patientsa | 3.0 ± 1.9 |
Clinical outcomes | Number (percentage) |
Intensive care unit (ICU) treatment | |
No ICU care | 601 (65.1) |
Need for ICU care | 126 (13.7) |
During ICU care | 196 (21.2) |
Reasons for ICU admission | |
Respiratory problem | 146 (46.1) |
Cardiac problem | 26 (8.2) |
Septic shock | 32 (10.1) |
Bleeding | 17 (5.4) |
Hemodynamic intensive monitoring | 76 (24.0) |
Others | 20 (6.3) |
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | |
No CPR | 631 (68.4) |
CPR for issues related to severe hyperkalemia | 60 (7.5) |
CPR for other reasons | 232 (25.1) |
Improvement in severe hyperkalemia | 715 (77.5) |
In-hospital mortality (death) | 283 (30.7) |
Reasons for in-hospital mortality | |
Respiratory problem | 45 (15.9) |
Cardiac problem | 42 (14.8) |
Septic shock | 78 (27.6) |
Progression of malignancy | 20 (7.1) |
Bleeding | 35 (12.4) |
Neurologic problem | 20 (7.1) |
Hepatic problem | 23 (8.0) |
Others | 20 (7.1) |