Does a reduced glucose intake prevent hyperglycemia in children early after cardiac surgery? a randomized controlled crossover study

Table 2 Metabolic characteristics of children receiving low or standard glucose intake after cardiac surgery

Metabolic characteristics	Before experiment	Low glucose intake (2.5 mg/kg per minute)	Standard glucose intake (5.0 mg/kg per minute)	Pvalue
Glucose intake	3.6 ± 0.7	2.6 ± 0.3	5.0 ± 0.4	< 0.001
Blood glucose, mmol/L	9.5 ± 2.0	7.3 ± 0.7	9.3 ± 1.8	0.007
Estimated energy expenditure, kcal/kg per day^a	54.7 ± 5.8
Energy intake, kcal/kg per day		12.1 ± 1.3	23.5 ± 2.1	< 0.001
Measured energy expenditure, kcal/kg per day		44.9 ± 10.9	46.1 ± 10.7	0.856
VCO₂, mL/kg per minute^b		5.6 ± 1.3	5.7 ± 1.2	0.901
VO₂, mL/kg per minute^b		6.4 ± 1.7	6.6 ± 1.5	0.813
Respiratory quotient		0.87 (0.21)	0.89 (0.06)	0.719
C-reactive protein, mg/L	13 ± 7	32 ± 17	32 ± 16	0.933
Pre-albumin, g/L	0.18 (0.04)	0.18 (0.03)	0.17 (0.03)	0.203
Albumin, g/L	38 ± 5	38 ± 4	38 ± 5	1.000
Triglycerides, mmol/L	0.41 (0.32)	0.41 (0.41)	0.47 (0.35)	0.687
Free fatty acids, mmol/L	0.71 ± 0.23	0.66 ± 0.13	0.53 ± 0.12	0.013
Cortisol, nmol/L	535 ± 193	229 ± 100	208 ± 42	0.429
Insulin, pmol/L	90 (229)	61 (83)	142 (199)	0.064
Insulin/glucose ratio, pmol/mmol	0.6 (1.1)	9.0 (13.5)	17.8 (20.8)	0.105

P values indicate statistical comparison between glucose intakes (low glucose intake and standard glucose intake) only. Normally distributed data (as assessed by Shapiro-Wilk normality test) are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and comparison between glucose intakes was done by paired samples t test. Non-normally distributed data are presented as median (interquartile range), and comparison between glucose intakes was done by Wilcoxon matched pairs test. ^aEstimated with Schofield equation [28]; ^bn = 8 for carbon dioxide production (VCO₂), oxygen consumption (VO₂), and respiratory quotient; for other variables, n = 11.

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