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Table 3 Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative therapies

From: A perioperative infusion of sodium bicarbonate does not improve renal function in cardiac surgery patients: a prospective observational cohort study

 

Total cohort

Control - no bicarbonate

Intervention - bicarbonate

Significance, P-value

Number

584

304 (52.1%)

280 (47.9%)

 

Preoperative treatments

Beta-blocking agents

442 (75.8%)

234 (77.0%)

208 (74.6%)

0.558

ACE-inhibitors/ARB

424 (72.7%)

225 (74.0%)

199 (71.3%)

0.526

Diuretics

328 (56.4%)

173 (56.9%)

155 (55.8%)

0.844

Vasodilators

209 (35.8%)

110 (36.2%)

99 (35.5%)

0.929

Phenprocoumon

11 (1.9%)

4 (1.3%)

7 (2.5%)

0.451

Aspirine

373 (64.1%)

203 (66.8%)

170 (61.2%)

0.185

Clopidogrel

53 (9.1%)

24 (7.9%)

29 (10.4%)

0.366

Heparin, intravenous

95 (16.3%)

62 (20.4%)

33 (11.8%)

0.007

Lipid-lowering drugs

356 (61.1%)

197 (64.8%)

159 (57.0%)

0.065

Insulin

64 (11.0%)

30 (9.9%)

34 (12.2%)

0.446

Antibiotics

64 (11.0%)

33 (10.9%)

31 (11.1%)

0.973

Nitrates, intravenous

29 (5.0%)

17 (5.6%)

12 (4.3%)

0.599

Levosimendan

16 (2.7%)

7 (2.3%)

9 (3.2%)

0.669

Intraoperative fluids

Cristalline fluids, ml

1,948 (1,903, 1,993)

1,982 (,1921, 2,042)

1,911 (1,844, 1,978)

0.120

Colloidal fluids, ml

800 (756, 843)

791 (730, 852)

809 (748, 870)

0.680

Postoperative fluids within 24 h

    

Cristalline fluids, ml

2,719 (2,667, 2,771)

2,590 (2,519, 2661)

2,859 (2,786, 2,933)

< 0.0001

Colloidal fluids, ml

1,476 (1,412, 1,541)

1,404 (1,314, 1,494)

1,555(1,462, 1,647)

0.022

Intraoperative blood transfusion

PRC, patients transfused

314 (53.8%)

166 (54.6%)

148 (52.9%)

0.734

   units transfused

1 (0, 1)

1 (0, 1)

1 (0, 1)

0.925

FFP, patients transfused

38 (6.5%)

20 (6.6%)

18 (6.4%)

0.925

   units transfused

0 [0-0]

0 [0-0]

0 [0-0]

0.871

TC, patients transfused

30 (5.1%)

16 (5.3%)

14 (5.0%)

0.965

   units transfused

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

0.980

Cellsaver, number patients

22 (3.8%)

15 (4.9%)

7 (2.5%)

0.185

Postoperative blood transfusion

PRC, patients transfused

253 (43.3%)

129 (42.4%)

124 (44.3%)

0.713

   units transfused

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

0.00 (0.00, 0.88)

0.505

FFP, patients transfused

43 (7.4%)

22 (7.2%)

21 (7.5%)

0.971

   units transfused

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

0.907

TC, patients transfused

43 (7.4%)

22 (7.2%)

21 (7.5%)

0.980

   units transfused

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

0.881

Intraoperative vasoactive and inotropic treatments

Levosimendan, n (%)

24 (4.1%)

11 (3.6%)

13 (4.6%)

0.679

   Before CPB

23 (3.9%)

11 (3.6%)

12 (4.3%)

0.531

   After CPB

1 (0.2%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (0.4%)

 

Noradrenaline, n (%)

522 (89.4%)

268 (88.2%)

254 (90.7%)

0.386

   < 0.3 mg/h

261 (44.7%)

148 (48.7%)

113 (40.4%)

0.069

   0.3 to 0.6 mg/h

187 (32.0%)

87 (28.6%)

100 (35.7%)

 

   > 0.6 mg/h

74 (12.7%)

33 (10.9%)

41 (14.6%)

 

Vasopressin, n (%)

49 (8.4%)

19 (6.2%)

30 (10.7%)

0.073

   < 3 U/h

33 (5.7%)

11 (3.6%)

22 (7.9%)

0.109

   3 to 6 U/h

15 (2.6%)

8 (2.6%)

7 (2.5%)

 

   > 6 U/h

1 (0.2%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (0.4%)

 

Dobutamin, n (%)

330 (56.5%)

178 (58.6%)

152 (54.3%)

0.339

   < 15 mg/h

130 (22.3%)

70 (23.0%)

60 (21.4%)

0.278

   15 to 30 mg/h

170 (29.1%)

96 (31.6%)

74 (26.4%)

 

   > 30 mg/h

30 (5.1%)

12 (3.9%)

18 (6.4%)

 

PDE-III inhibitors, n (%)

249 (42.6%)

121 (39.8%)

128 (45.7%)

0.174

   Low dose

35 (6.0%)

14 (4.6%)

21 (7.5%)

0.126

   Moderate dose

198 (33.9%)

96 (31.6%)

102 (36.4%)

 

   High dose

16 (2.7%)

11 (3.6%)

5 (1.8%)

 

Postoperative vasoactive and inotropic treatment, n (%)

Levosimendan

24 (4.1%)

12 (3.9%)

12 (4.3%)

0.998

Noradrenalin

494 (84.6%)

246 (80.9%)

248 (88.6%)

0.015

   < 0.3 mg/h

262 (44.9%)

147 (48.4%)

115 (41.1%)

0.0013

   0.3 to 0.6 mg/h

140 (24.0%)

58 (19.1%)

82 (29.3%)

 

   > 0.6 mg/h

92 (15.8%)

41 (13.5%)

51 (18.2%)

 

Vasopressin

64 (11.0%)

29 (9.5%)

35 (12.5%)

0.312

   < 3 U/h

49 (8.4%)

19 (6.2%)

30 (10.7%)

0.116

   3 to 6 Uh

13 (2.2%)

8 (2.6%)

5 (1.8%)

 

   > 6 U/h

2 (0.3%)

2 (0.7%)

0 (0.0%)

 

Dobutamin

386 (66.1%)

207 (68.1%)

179 (63.9%)

0.330

   < 15 mg/h

184(31.5%)

97 (31.9%)

87 (31.1%)

0.728

   15 to 30 mg/h

164 (28.1%)

90 (29.6%)

74 (26.4%)

 

   > 30 mg/h

38 (6.5%)

20 (6.6%)

18 (6.4%)

 

PDE III inhibitors

312 (53.5%)

156 (51.3%)

156 (55.9%)

0.304

   Low dose

60 (10.3%)

32 (10.5%)

28 (10.0%)

0.665

   Moderate dose

224 (38.4%)

110 (36.2%)

114 (40.9%)

 

   High dose

28 (4.8%)

14 (4.6%)

14 (5.0%)

 
  1. Perioperative pharmacological treatments are shown for patients undergoing elective on-pump cardiac surgery with or without a perioperative infusion of bicarbonate. ACE-inhibitors: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; PRC: packed red cells; FFP: fresh frozen plasma; TC: thrombocyte concentrate; PDE-III inhibitors; phosphodiesterase III inhibitors. Data are given as absolute numbers (percentage) for nominal variables, and as median (95% confidence interval) for non-normally distributed data, and mean (95% confidence interval) for normally distributed variables.