Characteristics | Manual CPR n = 459 | LDB-CPR n = 552 | P-valuea |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 64 (16 ) | 65 (16 ) | 0.331 |
Male | 311 (67.8) | 361 (65.4) | 0.429 |
Race | Â | Â | Â |
   Chinese | 310 (57.5) | 369 (66.9) |  |
   Indian | 49 (10.7) | 54 (9.8) | 0.176 |
   Malay | 79 (17.2) | 91 (16.5) |  |
   Others | 21 (4.6) | 38 (6.9) |  |
Hospital | Â | Â | Â |
   Hospital A | 186 (40.5) | 293 (53.1) | < 0.001 |
   Hospital B | 273 (59.5) | 259 (46.9) |  |
Medical history | Â | Â | Â |
   No medical history | 47 (10.2) | 47 (8.5) | 0.347 |
   Heart disease | 155 (33.8) | 192 (34.8) | 0.735 |
   Diabetes | 130 (28.3) | 150 (27.2) | 0.685 |
   Hypertension | 198 (43.2) | 251 (45.5) | 0.457 |
   Stroke | 42 (9.2) | 38 (6.9) | 0.184 |
   Cancer | 38 (8.3) | 52 (9.4) | 0.526 |
   Respiratory disease | 44 (9.6) | 40 (7.3) | 0.180 |
   Renal disease | 22 (4.8) | 58 (10.5) | 0.001 |
   Other medical history | 85 (18.5) | 210 (38.1) | <0.001 |
   Unknown medical history | 81 (17.7) | 103 (18.7) | 0.678 |
Arrest location | Â | Â | Â |
   Pre-hospital | 437 (95.2) | 463 (83.9) | < 0.001 |
   Emergency Department | 22 (4.8) | 89 (16.1) |  |
Bystander witnessed | 292 (63.6) | 233 (42.2) | < 0.001 |
EMS witnessed | 41 (8.9) | 23 (4.2) | 0.002 |
Bystander CPR | 110 (24.0) | 50 (9.1) | < 0.001 |
Initial rhythm | Â | Â | Â |
   Ventricular fibrillation | 23 (5.0) | 40 (7.3) |  |
   Ventricular tachycardia | 0 (0.0) | 10 (1.8) | < 0.001 |
   Asystole | 340 (74.0) | 336 (60.9) |  |
   Pulseless electrical activity | 80 (17.4) | 119 (21.6) |  |
Pre-hospital defibrillation | 100 (21.8) | 84 (15.2) | 0.007 |
Time of collapse to time arrived at ED (minutes) | 34:03 | 33:18 | 0.591 |
Defibrillated at ED | 124 (27.0) | 154 (27.9) | 0.754 |
AutoPulse applied | 0 (0.0) | 454 (82.3) | < 0.001 |