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Table 3 Outcome data of the randomized controlled trials included in the meta-analysis (comparison of probiotics versus control)

From: Probiotics' effects on the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Incidence of

NP/VAP, n/N

ICU mortality, n/N

In-hospital

mortality, n/N

Length of ICU stay, median days (range)

Length of hospital stay, median days (range)

Barraud et al. [30]

23/87 vs. 15/80 (VAP)

21/87

vs. 21/80

NA

18.7 ± 12.4 vs.20.2 ± 20.8

26.6 ± 22.3

vs. 28.9 ± 26.4

Besselink et al. [33]

24/152 vs. 16/144

NA

24/152

vs. 9/144

6.6 ± 17.1vs. 3.0 ± 9.3

28.9 ± 41.5

vs. 23.5 ± 25.9

Forestier et al [31]

24/102 vs. 24/106 (VAP)

NA

NA

NA

NA

Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al. [23]

15/36 vs. 16/36 (VAP)

NA

5/36

vs. 10/36

NA

NA

Kanazawa et al. [24]

0/21 vs. 1/23

NA

0/21

vs. 0/23

1.3 ± 0.9

vs. 1.3 ± 0.7

36.9 ± 16.4

vs. 47.0 ± 19.2

Knight et al. [32]

12/130 vs.17/129 (VAP)

28/130

vs. 34/129

35/130

vs. 42/129

6 (3-11)

vs. 7 (3-14)

19 (3-36)

vs. 18 (7-32)

Morrow et al. [22]

17/68vs. 33/70 (VAP)

NA

12/68

vs.15/70

14.8 ± 11.8 vs. 14.6 ± 11.6

21.4 ± 14.9

vs. 21.7 ± 17.4

Rayes et al. [25]

2/30 vs. 6/30

NA

0/30

vs. 0/30

NA

14 ± 4

vs. 16 ± 5.5

Rayes et al. [26]

0/33 vs. 1/33

NA

0/33

vs.0/33

8.80 ± 0.9

vs. 10.2 ± 1.8

27.8 ± 2.4

vs. 27.9 ± 2.1

Rayes et al. [27]

0/40 vs. 4/40

NA

1/40 vs. 1/40

2 ± 3 vs. 6 ± 12

17 ± 8 vs. 22 ± 16

Spindler-Vesel et al. [28]

4/26 vs. 34/87 (VAP)

2/26

vs. 5/87

NA

NA

NA

Tan et al.[29]

9/22 vs. 14/21

NA

0/22 vs. 1/21

7.1 ± 3.3

vs.11.3 ± 7.9

NA

  1. ICU: intensive care unit; NA: not available; NP: nosocomial pneumonia; VAP: ventilator-associated pneumonia.