Table 1

1. After the death of an oligodendrocyte, a progressive Walerian degeneration takes place from the site of primary injury, compromising the integrity of axons and mitochondria. Simultaneously caspase activation and apoptosis occur, leading finally to demyelination and release of nerve growth factor.

2. Vascular ischemia, impaired autoregulation, neurogenic shock, radial and axial hemorrhage, compromised microcirculation, collapsed veins, venous obstruction, vasospasm and thrombosis.

3. Ionic alterations: intracellular and extracellular calcium overload, increase of sodium and potassium.

4. Accumulation of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and glutamate at the extracellular level.

5. Release of arachidonic acid, production of free radicals and lipid eicosanoid peroxidation.

6. Endogenous opioid activation

7. Formation of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema

8. (Hyper)inflammatory response

9. Failure of ATP-dependent intracellular processes