Early use of imipenem/cilastatin and vancomycin followed by de-escalation versus conventional antimicrobials without de-escalation for patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia in a medical ICU: a randomized clinical trial

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in the DE and NDE groups

Characteristics	DE (n= 54)^a	NDE (n= 55)	P ^b
Gender			0.772
Male	43 (79.6%)	45 (81.8%)
Female	11 (20.4%)	10 (18.2%)
Age (range), year (IQR)	66.4 (61-77)	61.7 (51-71)	0.117
PaO₂/FiO₂, mean (SD)	181.8 (103.0)	177.7 (68.1)	0.813
Type of pneumonia			> 0.999^c
Hospital-acquired pneumonia	50 (92.6%)	50 (90.9%)
Ventilator-associated pneumonia	4 (7.4%)	5 (9.1%)
On mechanical ventilation	47 (50.5%)	46 (49.5%)	0.449
Baseline APACHE II score, mean (SD)	23.3 (5.6)	22.8 (5.7)	0.607
Baseline SOFA score, mean (SD)	9.1 (3.1)	8.4 (3.6)	0.270
Baseline CPIS, mean (SD)	6.7 (1.4)	6.8 (1.3)	0.807
Prior hospital day (IQR)^d	16.7 (4-17)	9 (4-10)	0.064
Prior ICU day (IQR)^d	4.4 (1-5)	3.4 (1-5)	0.182
Prior ICU days > 5 days	33 (61.1%)	31 (56.4%)	0.416
Prior days on mechanical ventilation (IQR)^d	3.3 (0-4)	2.5 (0-4)	0.347
Prior antimicrobial administration^e	18 (34.6%)	24 (43.6%)	0.340
Initial presentation			0.943
Severe sepsis	27 (50%)	29 (52.7%)
Septic shock	10 (18.5%)	10 (18.2%)
ARDS	17 (31.5%)	16 (29.1%)
Underlying disease
Hypertension	14 (26.9%)	12 (22.6%)	0.611
Neurologic disease	15 (28.8%)	15 (28.3%)	0.951
COPD	5 (9.6%)	6 (11.3%)	> 0.999
Liver cirrhosis	5 (9.6%)	8 (15.1%)	0.555
CRF/ESRD	4 (7.7%)	3 (5.7%)	0.716^c
Diabetes mellitus	16 (30.8%)	14 (26.4%)	0.621
Alcoholism	4 (7.7%)	4 (7.5%)	> 0.999^c
Hematologic malignancy	1 (1.9%)	2 (3.8%)	> 0.999^c
Modified McCabe score			0.968^c
Life expectancy < 1 month	4 (7.5%)	2 (3.6%)
Life expectancy 1 month to 5 years	40 (75.5%)	46 (83.6%)
Life expectancy > 5 years	9 (17%)	7 (12.7%)

Values given as mean (standard deviation) or number (percentage) of patients. ALI, acute lung injury; APACHE, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPIS, clinical pulmonary infection score; CRF, chronic renal failure; DE, de-escalation group; ESRD; end-stage renal disease; HAP, hospital-acquired pneumonia; IQR, interquartile range; NDE, non-de-escalation group; SOFA, sequential organ-failure assessment; VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia. ^aClinical outcome of one patient in the DE group was not available. ^bWith the Student t test or the χ² test. ^cWith the Fisher Exact test. ^dDays before study enrollment in mean (IQR), only including the time spent at Asan Medical Center (Seoul, Republic of Korea). ^dPrior administration of antimicrobial agent within 2 days.

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