Table 3 Studies evaluating sVCAM-1

Shapiro et al., [51]

2010

221

ED patients with sepsis without organ dysfunction (71), severe sepsis without shock (66), septic shock (71), and non-infected controls (13)

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sVCAM-1 elevated in septic shock compared with non-infected controls (P < 0.05)

sVCAM-1 associated with sepsis severity P < 0.04; predicts mortality and severe sepsis (AUC of 0.57 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.79), 0.60 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.69))

Hofer et al., [55]

2009

147

Surgical ICU patients with severe sepsis (101), major abdominal surgery (28), healthy controls (18)

2003 ACCP/SCCM [2]

sVCAM-1 did not differentiate between septic, postoperative and healthy controls

sVCAM-1 not predictive of mortality at the time of diagnosis of sepsis, but nonsurvivors had elevated sVCAM-1 at 48 h and 120 h compared to survivors(1,275.1 vs 882.0 ng/ml, P = 0.027; 1,685.5 vs 748.5 ng/ml; P = 0.021, respectively)

Kinoshita et al., [56]

2002

56

Gram negative sepsis from intra-abdominal infection admitted to surgical ICU (47), healthy controls (9)

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sVCAM-1 higher in patients than healthy controls

sVCAM-1 did not differentiate those with ARDS from those without; not predictive of mortality in those with ARDS

Presterl et al., [69]

1999

40

ICU patients with Candida (20) and bacterial sepsis (20)

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

At all times (days 1, 7, 14) sVCAM-1 levels higher in Candida sepsis than bacterial sepsis (P < 0.05)

sVCAM-1 not correlated with mortality

Knapp et al., [78]

1998

54

Patients with sepsis (28 gram positive, 11 gram negative), 15 healthy controls

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sVCAM-1 elevated in sepsis compared with healthy controls (P < 0.05)

sVCAM-1 does not correlate with mortality in gram positive sepsis; does not distinguish between gram positive and gram negative sepsis

Boldt et al., [60]

1997

30

Surgical ICU patients with post-operative sepsis (30), healthy controls (not stated)

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sVCAM-1 higher in septic patients than healthy controls

Higher in older than younger patients P < 0.05, and tends to increase in older patients and decrease in younger patients over time

Takakuwa et al., [62]

1997

34

ICU admissions with sepsis (20), trauma (14)

Clinical definition of SIRS and sepsis

sVCAM-1 higher in septic than trauma patients (2,536 vs 1,019.0 ng/ml; P = 0.0004)

sVCAM-1 level correlated with TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, NO, sE-selectin-1 ((P < 0.05 for all)

Boldt et al., [63]

1996

30

Surgical ICU patients with postoperative sepsis (15), trauma (15)

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sVCAM-1 is higher in sepsis than trauma (1,042 vs 689 ng/ml; P < 0.05)

Endo et al., [64]

1996

28

ICU patients with sepsis with MOF (8), sepsis without MOF (15), MOF without sepsis (5)

Clinical diagnosis of sepsis

sVCAM-1 higher in septic patients with or without MOF than patients with MOF but no infection (2,654.9 vs 945.0 ng/ml, P = 0.0295; 2,045.0 vs 945.0 ng/ml, P = 0.0037)

sVCAM-1 did not differ between septic patients with and without MOF (2,654.9 vs 2,045.0 ng/ml; P = 0.1315)

Furian et al., [76]

2011

45

Patients admitted to ICU with severe sepsis or septic shock

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sVCAM-1 not associated with left ventricular function or size.

Schuetz et al., [52]

2011

161

Patients with hypotension: 69 sepsis, 35 cardiac, 12 hemorrhagic, 12 unknown

Clinical classification based on clinical and microbiological data

VCAM-1 higher in sepsis compared to non-sepsis (P < 0.05)

Cowley et al., [65]

1994

125

ICU patients with sepsis (21), severe sepsis (14), ICU controls (5), healthy controls (85)

Clinical definition of SIRS and sepsis

sVCAM-1 is higher in sepsis than controls

sVCAM-1 higher in severe sepsis than uncomplicated sepsis at baseline (P = 0.06) and peak concentrations P < 0.01. Not correlated with mortality