Table 2 Studies evaluating sICAM

Shapiro et al., [51]

2010

221

ED patients with sepsis without organ dysfunction (71), severe sepsis without shock (66), septic shock (71), and non-infected controls (13)

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sICAM-1 elevated in septic shock compared with non-infected controls (P < 0.05);

sICAM-1 associated with increasing sepsis severity P < 0.05; modest correlation with SOFA and APACHE-II; predicts mortality and severe sepsis (AUC of 0.72 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.87), 0.61 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.69))

Schuetz et al., [52]

2011

161

Patients with hypotension: 69 sepsis 35 cardiac 12 hemorrhagic 12 unknown

Clinical classification based on clinical and microbiological data

ICAM-1 higher in sepsis compared to non-sepsis (P < 0.05)

Hofer et al., [55]

2009

147

Surgical ICU patients with severe sepsis (101) and major abdominal surgery (28), and healthy controls (18)

2003 ACCP/SCCM [2]

sICAM-1 higher in the septic group than postoperative and volunteer groups at diagnosis (444.7 ng/ml vs 213.7 ng/ml and 219.6 ng/ml, respectively; P < 0.001)

Not predictive of mortality at the time of diagnosis of sepsis, but non-survivors had trend to higher sICAM-1 levels at 48 h and 120 h (683.2 vs 434.1 ng/ml, P = 0.067; 360.2 vs 467.8 ng/ml, P = 0.083, respectively) compared to survivors

Stief et al., [54]

2007

86

ICU patients with Sepsis (62), healthy controls (24)

Clinical definition of sepsis

Higher in sepsis than controls (2.56 ug/ml vs 0.19 ug/ml; P < 0.05)

Scherpereel et al., [53]

2006

90

ICU patients with sepsis (63), SIRS (7), healthy controls (20)

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sICAM-1 higher in sepsis compared to SIRS P < 0.02

sICAM-1 not predictive of mortality or severity of sepsis

Kinoshita et al., [56]

2002

56

Gram negative sepsis from intra-abdominal infection admitted to surgical ICU (47), healthy controls (9)

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sICAM-1 higher in sepsis than healthy controls

Not correlated with mortality in those with ARDS; Higher in those with ARDS than those without P < 0.05

Paterson et al., [57]

2000

16

ICU patients with SIRS (10), healthy controls (6)

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sICAM-1 not reported in healthy controls

Not correlated with mortality

Weigand et al., [58]

1999

21

Surgical ICU patients with septic shock (14), healthy controls (7)

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sICAM-1 significantly higher in sepsis than controls (P < 0.05)

sICAM-1 significantly higher in nonsurvivors than survivors, sensitivity and specificity for cutoff of 800 ng/ml was 74.1%

Froon et al., [73]

1998

42

ICU patients with sepsis and VAP

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sICAM-1 higher in VAP patients complicated by severe sepsis or septic shock than other VAP patients, but statistical significance not achieved

Not predictive of mortality, and correlates poorly with SAPS-II (r = 0.16, P = 0.30)

Kayal et al., [59]

1998

41

ICU patients with severe sepsis or septic shock (25), ICU controls (7), healthy controls (9)

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sICAM-1 higher in septic patients than in noninfected ICU controls and healthy volunteers (P < 0.0001); higher in septic shock than those without septic shock (P < 0.05)

sICAM-1 correlated with mortality; correlated with SAPS and MOF score (r = 0.53, P < 0.01 for MOF)

Boldt et al., [60]

1997

30

Surgical ICU patients with post-operative sepsis (30), healthy controls (not stated)

1992 ACCP/SCCM¹

sICAM-1 higher in septic patients than healthy controls

Higher in older than younger patients P < 0.05, and tends to increase in older patients and decrease in younger patients over time

Egerer et al., [61]

1997

24

ICU patients with infection (8), severe sepsis (16)

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sICAM-1 higher in severe sepsis compared with patients with infection (P > 0.05)

Not correlated with mortality in patients with severe sepsis

Takakuwa et al., [62]

1997

34

ICU admissions with sepsis (20), trauma (14)

Clinical definition of SIRS and sepsis

sICAM-1 level higher in septic than trauma patients (987.7 vs 472.1 ng/ml; P = 0.0002)

sICAM-1 correlated with endotoxin, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, Type II PLA2 (Type II phospholiaps A2), NO (P < 0.05 for all)

Boldt et al., [63]

1996

30

Surgical ICU patients with postoperative sepsis (15), trauma (15)

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sICAM-1 higher in sepsis than trauma (1,266 vs 444 ng/ml; P < 0.01)

Endo et al., [64]

1996

28

ICU patients with sepsis with MOF (8), sepsis without MOF (15), MOF without sepsis (5)

Clinical diagnosis of sepsis

sICAM-1 higher in septic patients with or without MOF than patients with MOF but no infection (1103.3 vs 356.0 ng/ml, and 862.5 vs 356.0 ng/ml, respectively, P < 0.05))

sICAM-1 level higher in septic patients with MOF than those without (P = 0.0401)

Moss et al., [66]

1996

55

ICU patients with sepsis (19), trauma (36) controls (5)

Clinical diagnosis of sepsis

sICAM-1 higher in septic patients than trauma and controls (573 vs 148 and 235 ng/ml, respectively, P < 0.001)

Nakae et al., [67]

1996

34

ICU patients with sepsis (21), trauma (13)

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sICAM-1 higher in septic patients than in trauma patients (987 vs 472 pg/ml; P = 0.0002)

sICAM-1 correlated with endotoxin, TNF-alpha and IL-8 (P < 0.05 for all)

Sessler et al., [68]

1995

66

ICU patients with sepsis (25), SIRS (25), ICU controls (4), healthy volunteers (12)

1992 ACCP/SCCM [1]

sICAM-1 higher in sepsis than ICU controls and healthy controls (1,259 vs 585 ng/ml, P < 0.001; 1,259 vs 355 ng/ml, P < 0.0001); sICAM-1 is higher in SIRS than ICU controls and healthy controls (937 vs 585 ng/ml, P < 0.05; 937 vs 355 ng/ml, P < 0.001); higher in sepsis vs SIRS (1,259 vs 937 ng/ml; P = 0.12)

sICAM-1 elevated with increasing severity of illness: septic shock, severe sepsis and sepsis (1,551, 796, and 542 ng/ml, respectively, ANOVA P = 0.017); correlated with cumulative MOF score, shock severity score (r = 0.46, P = 0.021; r = 0.50, P < 0.009); higher in nonsurvivors vs survivors (1,697 vs 854 ng/ml; P = 0.0096)

Cowley et al., [65]

1994

125

ICU patients with sepsis (21), severe sepsis (14), ICU controls (5), healthy controls (85)

Clinical definition of SIRS and sepsis

sICAM-1 higher in severe sepsis, uncomplicated sepsis, and ICU controls than healthy controls P < 0.05.

sICAM-1 with no significant difference between severe sepsis, uncomplicated sepsis and ICU controls. Not correlated with mortality