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Table 3 Tissue penetration of β-lactamsa

From: Antibiotics in critically ill patients: a systematic review of the pharmacokinetics of β-lactams

Antibiotics

Samples

Patient demographics

Concentration ratiosb

References

Muscle and subcutaneous tissue

Meropenem

Microdialysis in subcutaneous tissue

N = 10 severe sepsis, 5 continuous infusion

Bolus 0.44

Continuous infusion 0.57 (day 2)

Roberts et al., 2009 [24]

Imipenem

Microdialysis in muscle and subcutaneous tissue

N = 11 (6 patients)

Severe sepsis

Patients

Tegeder et al., 2002 [32]

   

• Muscle 0.1

 
   

• Subcutaneous 0.14

 
   

Volunteers

 
   

• Muscle 0.5

 
   

• Subcutaneous 0.43

 

Imipenem

Microdialysis in muscle

N = 12 (6 patients)

Severe sepsis

Patients 1

Volunteers 0.97

Dahyot et al., 2008 [33]

Piperacillin

Microdialysis in muscle and subcutaneous tissue

N = 12 (6 patients)

Septic shock

Patients

Joukhadar et al., 2001 [44]

   

• Muscle 0.19

 
   

• Subcutaneous 0.1

 
   

Volunteers

 
   

• Muscle 0.55

 
   

• Subcutaneous 0.31

 

Piperacillin

Microdialysis in subcutaneous tissue

N = 13

Severe sepsis

Bolus 0.21

Continuous infusion 0.2

Roberts et al., 2009 [45]

Cefpirome

Microdialysis in muscle

N = 18 (12 patients)

Severe sepsis or septic shock

Patients 0.63

Volunteers 0.83

Joukhadar et al., 2002 [52]

Cefpirome

Microdialysis in subcutaneous tissue

N = 18 (11 patients)

Severe sepsis

Patients 0.43

Volunteers 0.79

Sauermann et al., 2005 [51]

Burned skin

Cefepime

Biopsy of burned area

N = 6

Burn patients

Day 3 1.52 (point concentration 3 to 5 hours after dose)

Sampol et al., 2000 [61]

Peritoneum

Meropenem

Microdialysis in peritoneum

N = 6

Surgical peritonitis

0.74

Karjagin et al., 2008 [25]

Ceftazidime

Peritoneal drainage

N = 18

Surgical peritonitis

Day 2

• Continuous infusion 0.56

Buijk et al., 2002 [74]

   

   • Bolus 0.35

 

Imipenem

ELF (bronchoscopy)

N = 8

Pneumonia

0.20 (point concentration ratio 2 hours after dose)

Muller-Serieys et al., 1987 [35]

Imipenem

Bronchial secretions (tracheal aspirate)

N = 10

Trauma patients with VAP

NR

McKindley et al., 1996 [34]

Piperacillin

ELF (bronchoscopy)

N = 10

VAP

0.57 (point concentration ratio 5 hours after dose)

Boselli et al., 2004 [41]

Piperacillin

ELF (bronchoscopy)

N = 40

VAP

0.44 (point concentration ratio 4 hours after dose)

Boselli et al., 2008 [43]

Piperacillin

Bronchial secretions (tracheal aspirate)

N = 8

VAP

0.36

Jehl et al., 1994 [42]

Cefepime

ELF (bronchoscopy)

N = 20

VAP

1.04 (point concentration ratio)

Boselli et al., 2003 [63]

Cefepime or ceftazidime

Bronchial secretions (tracheal aspirate)

N = 5 cefepime

VAP

Cefepime < 0.02

Klekner et al., 2006 [62]

  

N = 4 ceftazidime

VAP

Ceftazidime < 0.05

 

Ceftazidime

Bronchial secretions (tracheal aspirate)

N = 5

Pneumonia

0.12

Langer et al., 1991 [76]

Ceftazidime

Bronchial secretions (tracheal aspirate)

N = 12

Nosocomial pneumonia

0.76

Bressolle et al., 1992 [77]

Ceftazidime

ELF (bronchoscopy)

N = 15

VAP

0.21 (point concentration ratio at steady state)

Boselli et al., 2004 [69]

  1. aELF: epithelial lining fluid; NR: not reported. bMean area under the concentration time curve (AUC) tissue-to-plasma ratio unless otherwise stated.