Principle | Examples of ICU applications |
---|---|
Preoccupation with failure | Establish immediate post-code debriefings. |
 | Include likely mechanisms of each patient's decompensation in sign-out rounds. |
 | Engage in regular performance benchmarking. |
 | Encourage blameless reporting of near failures and failures. |
 | Use detailed analysis of incidents and errors for potential improvements in processes. |
Reluctance to simplify | Be aware of cognitive bias in diagnosis and work to avoid premature diagnostic closure. |
 | Maintain and revisit broad differential diagnoses. |
 | Use multidisciplinary analyses as a basis for decision making. |
 | Resist the tendency to ascribe only one cause to incidents and errors. |
Sensitivity to operations | Maintain awareness of the patient's overall condition rather than focus on one particular problem or organ system. |
 | Use tools that facilitate information sharing between team members (that is, electronic medical records). |
 | Monitor unit-wide and hospital-wide conditions, such as bed availability, personnel shortages, and unit acuity fluctuations. |
Resilience | Emphasize the importance of working together in multidisciplinary teams. |
 | Encourage flexibility in team members to accommodate changes in unit acuity or hospital resources. |
 | Explicitly include training around how to manage unexpected events in ICU staff educational training. |
Deference to expertise | Foster knowledge of team members' particular strengths and weaknesses, including specialized services (that is, ability to manage a balloon pump). |
 | Use appropriate clinical pathways and protocols (that is, nursing-driven sedation and respiratory therapist-led weaning protocols). |
 | Institute multidisciplinary rounds on which nursing, respiratory therapy, pharmacy, and families have active voices and full participation. |