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Table 1 Associations linking transcranial Doppler vasospasm and cerebral infarction to admission characteristics and outcomes

From: Admission risk factors for cerebral vasospasm in ruptured brain arteriovenous malformations: An observational study

 

All Patients N = 72

TCD-VS N = 12

CI N = 6

  

N (%)

RR (95% CI)

P

N (%)

RR (95% CI)

P

Demographics and medical history

Age (years)

40 +/- 9

33 +/-10

-

0.05

38 +/- 13

-

0.98

Female sex

29 (40%)

7 (58%)

2.1 (0.7 to 5.9)

0.20

4 (67%)

2.9 (0.6 to 15.1)

0.22

Smokers

18 (25%)

1 (8%)

0.3 (0.03 to 2.0)

0.27

1 (17%)

0.6 (0.07 to 4.8)

0.99

Hypertension

8 (11%)

0 (0%)

-

0.34

0 (0%)

-

0.99

Diabetes

2 (3%)

0 (0%)

-

0.99

0 (0%)

-

0.99

Admission features

GCS score <8

28 (39%)

9 (75%)

4.7 (1.6 to 26)

0.001

5 (83%)

7.8 (0.1 to 63)

0.03

Seizure

9 13%)

2 (17%)

1.4 (0.4 to 5.4)

0.63

2 (33%)

3.5 (0.7 to 16.4)

0.16

Troponin elevation

18 (25%)

4 (33%)

1.5 (0.5 to 4.4)

0.48

1 (17%)

0.6 (0.07 to 4.8)

0.99

EKG abnormality

2 (3%)

1 (8%)

3.2 (0.7 to 14)

0.31

0 (0%)

-

0.99

ICH

64 (89%)

10 (83%)

0.6 (0.2 to 2.4)

0.61

4 (67%)

0.2 (0.05 to 1.2)

0.14

IVH

54 (75%)

10 (83%)

1.7 (0.4 to 6.9)

0.72

6 (100%)

-

0.33

SAH

32 (44%)

7 (58%)

1.7 (0.6 to 5.0)

0.34

3 (50%)

1.2 (0.3 to 5.8)

0.99

   Diffuse

14 (19%)

4 (33%)

  

1 (17%)

  

   Focal

18 (25%)

3 (25%)

-

0.40

2 (33%)

-

0.85

   Absent

40 (56%)

5 (42%)

  

3 (50%)

  

BAVM characteristics and treatment

BAVM location

   Frontal

25 (35%)

5 (43%)

  

4 (67%)

  

   Temporal

10 (14%)

0 (0%)

  

0 (0%)

  

   Parietal

15 (21%)

4 (33%)

-

0.31

1 (17%)

-

0.77

   Occipital

8 (11%)

0 (0%)

  

0 (0%)

  

   Posterior fossa

14 (19%)

3 (25%

  

1 (17%)

  

Size of BAVM*

   <3 cm

43 (63%)

7 (58%)

  

5 (83%)

  

   3 to 6 cm

19 (28%)

3 (25%)

-

0.52

0 (0%)

-

0.29

   >6 cm

6 (8%)

2 (17%)

  

1 (17%)

  

Adjacent to eloquent brain *

50 (69%)

7 (58%)

0.5 (0.2 to 1.4)

0.27

3 (50%)

0.4 (0.07; 1.6)

0.32

Deep venous drainage*

31 (43%)

7 (58%)

1.7 (0.5 to 4.7)

0.36

4 (67%)

2.4 (0.5 to 12)

0.40

Co-existing aneurysm*

       

   None

50 (73%)

11 (92%)

  

5 (83%)

  

   Intranidal

8 (12%)

1 (8%)

-

0.99

1 (17%)

-

0.99

   Feeding vessel

8 (12%)

0 (0%)

  

0 (0%)

  

   Willis

2 (3%)

0 (0%)

  

0 (0%)

  

Surgical resection

35 (49%)

6 (50%)

1.0 (0.3 to 2.8)

0.99

2 (33%)

0.5 (0.1 to 2.5)

0.67

Embolization

15 (20%)

2 (17%)

0.7 (0.2 to 2.9)

0.99

1 (17%)

0.7 (0.1 to 5.6)

0.99

Mixed

6 (8%)

0(0%)

to

0.58

0 (0%)

-

0.99

Complete treatment

34 (47%)

5 (42%)

1.6 (0.5 to 4.4)

0.53

3 (50%)

1.2 (0.2 to 4.2)

0.99

Early treatment

43 (60%)

8 (67%)

1.4 (0.4 to 4.1)

0.75

3 (50%)

0.7 (0.1 to 3.1)

0.67

ICU outcomes

Norepinephrine

46 (64%)

11 (92%)

6.2 (0.8 to 45)

0.04

6 (100%)

-

0.08

Intracranial hypertension

41 (57%)

10 (83%)

3.7 (0.9 to 16)

0.06

6 (100%)

3.8 (0.5 to 31)

0.22

Hypothermia

15 (21%)

4 (33%)

1.9 (0.7 to 5.5)

0.26

3 (50%)

3.8 ( 0.8 to 17)

0.10

CSF drainage

42 (59%)

10 (83%)

3.5 (0.8 to 15)

0.10

6 (100%)

-

0.04

ICU LOS

28 (12 to 38)

34 (17 to 41)

-

0.09

27 (14 to 36)

-

0.74

ICU-free days

6 (0 to 28)

1 (0 to 3)

-

0.01

0 (0 to 2)

-

0.06

Unfavorable outcome (GOS 1-3)

50 (69%)

11 (92%)

4.9 (0.7 to 35)

0.09

6 (100%)

-

0.17

ICU mortality

15 (21%)

5 (42%)

2.7 (1.0 to 7.3)

0.11

3 (50%)

3.8 (0.8 to 17)

0.10

  1. BAVM, brain arteriovenous malformation; CI, cerebral infarction, CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; ICU, intensive care unit; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; LOS, length of stay; RR (95%CI), relative risk with the 95% confidence interval; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; TCD-VS, transcranial Doppler vasospasm. * n = 68 patients (data missing in four patients without vasospasm)
  2. Values are median (IQR) for quantitative variables and N (%) for qualitative variables.